Tuesday, April 16, 2013

《双城记》与郭宝崑 (2 of 2)

那时有个叫罗燕平的文团伙伴,关心他人多过照顾自己,深受伙伴们的爱戴。高中毕业后在建筑工地当女工,不幸在工地上意外身亡,掀起文团知青对资本家与劳动大众的生命与财富之间的矛盾的关注。罗燕平的死唤醒了更多伙伴,在觉醒的过程中出版了《直面惨淡的人生》这本书,为了对罗燕平那份不曾忘却的纪念。


(知识分子要铲除劣根性,学习劳苦大众的优良品质...)

后来还有多个文团一同学习鲁迅,搞内部专题汇报,将我从中学的《阿Q正传》、《呐喊》与《彷徨》提升到另一层次,“石在,火是不会灭的”,“路是人走出来的”,“竦听荒鸡偏阒寂,起看星斗正栏杆”,“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”,“灵台无计逃神矢,风雨如磐暗故园。 寄意寒星荃不察,我以我血荐轩辕”。鲁迅对理想的坚持,为促进人民的觉醒奋斗一生。鲁迅从新文化运动开始,弃医从文,忧国忧民,在伙伴的学习过程中,已经从人晋升到神的层次。


(当时还有多个文团一同学习鲁迅,搞内部专题汇报。鲁迅从新文化运动开始,弃医从文,忧国忧民,在伙伴的学习过程中,已经从人晋升到神的层次。

(对内学习,提升伙伴们的知识水平与思考能力)

鲁迅对文艺与政治的矛盾与统一有独特的见解,他认为在改革的过程中,文艺与政治是统一的,文艺家与政治家是同路人,相辅相成。一旦政党掌权后,便会设法巩固政权,要文艺服务于政治,可是文艺却在不断地开拓真理,不断地批判与革新,形成了对立面,这就像1970年代新加坡的社会政治与正派文艺之间撕开裂痕的宿命。


(学鲁迅:横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛

现在通过“疏离效果”(德国剧作家Bertolt Brecht的戏剧理论,观众必须维持批判能力,不能投入剧情中)将自己置身度外,回首四十年前某一群华校生所经历过的一段激情的生活,模糊抽象之处逐渐变得清晰。1970年代还离不开新文化运动、反殖民主义、新马分家以及文化大革命的思想模式,面对着新加坡建国期间贫富悬殊的社会问题的困扰,底层人民在贫穷线下挣扎,他们的控诉、他们的心声只有通过文艺青年的理想与不畏强权的精神来表达。在受英文教育的政府精英眼中,这批文艺青年却被误解为颠覆政府的一群,因此行动被监视,甚至被逮捕,坐冤狱。


(是不是有点文革的味道?)

1965年从澳洲回到新加坡的郭宝崑夫妇成立了新加坡表演艺术学院(后来改名为实践表演艺术学院,实践剧场),以郭宝崑的说法,“搞文娱活动的一般上有一股傻劲,环境多么恶劣也还是死不放手地搞。这种情形似乎哪个国家都有,这种人愈多的国家似乎文化也愈发达”。在那个年代,郭宝崑也代表了许多文艺青年,学院肩负起社会道德责任,为底层人民的创作如《挣扎》、《青春的火花》、《万年青》等都被禁演,他被逮捕却宁蹲牢房而不屈也给大家带来一股正面的精神支柱。《鲁迅全集》是郭宝崑在狱中阅读的著作,文团的伙伴们自然也受到他的影响,一起学鲁迅。


(为生活在社会底层的劳动人民提出控诉)

郭宝崑入狱后期,文团也沉寂下来,文革后的负面新闻、伤痕文学等逐渐曝光,一刹间叫人无所适从。出狱后,郭宝崑联合14个文团执导的《小白船》为华语舞台剧重新打造新生命,也寄语小白船扬帆出海,追求梦想,带领大家走出那个最美好的时代,也是最糟糕的时代的阴影。之后1980年代中后期的《棺材太大洞太小,1985》、《傻姑娘与怪老树,1987》、《寻找小猫的妈妈,1988》、《老九,1990》等以另一种艺术表达方式来针砭时事,加上新加坡逐渐开放,郭宝崑的表演已逐渐获得认同,获得新加坡文化奖,还被授命创立了电力站(Sub-station1990),为年轻人提供另一类艺术创作与表演的空间。

叫人百思不解的是,郭宝崑在入狱时被缔夺了公民权,1989年获得文化奖后申请恢复公民身份竟然不被“有关当局”批准,直至1992年,可能经过美国政府的介入,才重新肯定新加坡公民的身份。

(当年出入新马的护照是蓝色的,国际护照则是红色的。
特殊的护照则分别为粉红色与绿色。)

郭宝崑在1990年代的创作如《郑和的后代,1995》、《灵戏,1998》等像许多艺术家一样,将现实融于灵性的追求, 探索人性的永恒,“飘泊是我的家园,出发是我的还乡”,似乎也预言着1990年代迷失困惑的启步。

2002年郭宝崑患癌去世,作为一个执着的文艺工作者,郭宝崑成就了一群搞艺术的朋友,搞艺术的朋友也成全了郭宝崑It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known

回顾一段数十年前的往事,的确是应该放下,如上海的戏剧大师黄佐龄所言:开口便笑,笑古笑今,凡事付诸一笑;大肚能容,容天容地,于人何所不容?



黄佐龄:开口便笑,笑古笑今,凡事付诸一笑;大肚能容,容天容地,于人何所不容?

Friday, April 12, 2013

《双城记》与郭宝崑(1 of 2)

18世纪的欧洲面临第一次工业革命所带来的冲击,搭上工业革命列车的贵族与追不上时代的弱势群体间贫富差距日益扩大,富人与劳动阶级对立,英国作家狄更斯(Charles Dickens以法国大革命为背景,通过一个家庭的遭遇,揭露了革命前贵族对劳动者的残酷行为,完成长篇历史小说《双城记》(A Tale of two cities),双城指的是巴黎和伦敦。《双城记》的开卷令人震撼:

那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧的年头,那是愚昧的年头;那是信仰的时期,那是怀疑的时期;那是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;那是希望的春天,那是失望的冬天;我们全都在直奔天堂,我们全都在直奔相反的方向。

其中“那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代”It was the best of times. It was the worst of times已经成为文学史中的经典名句。

《双城记》的结尾同样经典,愤世嫉俗的律师Sydney Carton走上断头台之前回忆道:

“我现在所做的远比我过去所做过的一切都美好;我将获得的休息远比我所知道的一切都要甜蜜。”(It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known)。

为什么谈《双城记》呢?

回顾新加坡过去走过的六十年,1950年代是个反殖民的年代,1960年代是个独立后奋斗的年代,1970年代是个激情的年代,1980年代是个希望的年代,1990年代是个拜金的年代,2000年代是个迷失的年代。经历过一个轮回,2010年代是个重新审核的年代,政府尝试与人民对话就如在迷失中找寻自我,重新定位,整装待发。如果真要划一个分水岭,1990年代的过度强调物质与金钱主义导致后来迷失了道德与人性的根源。

对我的个人生活而言,1970年代也曾经是个充实理想的年代,1970年代的开卷是个最美好的时刻,1970年代的谢幕却是个最糟糕的日子。

最近乘着郭宝崑逝世十周年的许多纪念活动,同时参与国家博物馆的郭宝崑纪念展的导览过程中,多读了郭宝崑的资料,也给自己一个思考回忆那个激情的年代的空间,才醒觉原来那个时代,实践表演艺术学院、南方艺术研究会等对某一群文艺青年的影响是那么深远,因此踩着政府的尾巴,在相当程度的误解下,许多伙伴在政府沿用“内部安全法令”,不经审讯下被套上颠覆的罪名而扣留在狱中。郭宝崑是其中一个例子,在1976年至1980年间被扣留了四年零七个月。


(石墙囚不住,铁窗亦难围。Stone walls do not a prison make - Richard Lovelace, 1642)

中学时期通过电台第三广播网(现在的958城市频道)的教唱活动、文艺歌曲时段、海外听众点播等节目,学习了许多“正派”歌曲,把自己想像成文艺少年。后来从纯华校进入新加坡工艺学院(Singapore Polytechnic),陌生的英语环境叫人不安,甚至有些恐惧,因此能够在院内通过学生团体结识一群讲华语谈理想的文艺青年,并通过他们扩大生活圈子,认识更多文团的伙伴,确实是件开心事。

那时我们每一学年结束前都会搞个学习汇报,每一新学年也会搞个迎新晚会。学院的流动性大,三年毕业后必须有新血顶上,迎新晚会的文娱表演是为了传承;至于学习汇报是要让伙伴朋友,以及一些可能是政府安排的“卧底”知道这一年来的学习进展,也让大家了解我们的活动是正当的、是反映生活的、是没有政治意图的。


(对内演出)

那时新加坡还有农村,为了“体验生活”,我们也主办了上山下乡的活动,为农民除草开荒。打假期工称为“学习”,到建筑工地、纺织厂、造船厂等当劳工都是为了“搞工作”,团结更多工友,通过野餐郊游等集体活动来弘扬健康文化,打击靡靡之音,体现集体主义与三互精神的力量。


(向农民学习)

文艺来自生活,文艺必须为在生活线上的劳动人民服务,为底层人民提出诉讼;文艺也必须高于生活,提升普罗大众的思考能力。新加坡河、黄梨园、林明矿场、淘锡米、胶林、渔乡等都是“向劳动人民学习”的歌曲与舞蹈创作结晶。


(让我们在不同的地方一齐认真读书学习,培养好习惯,天天向上,天天进步吧!希望下次见面时,你们可以对我说,我也可以对你们说:“我没有白费光阴,我有了进步”!---问一些年轻的朋友,你们的父亲有跟你们说这些话吗?他们说皮肤都起了鸡皮疙瘩了。)

我们也高声歌唱着豪迈激励的本地创作歌曲,“歌唱伟大的理想,歌唱人民艺术万年青,我们迈开大步向前走,奔向胜利的远方”,“昨天我们日忙夜忙搞工作,今天我们欢欣鼓舞,在一起舞蹈歌唱”,“登上了高高的山顶,我望着连绵无边的远景”,“看江山一片锦绣,听笑声沸腾人间把时代推得更前”。


(歌唱伟大的理想,歌唱人民艺术万年青)

当时很多作品都以集体创作为名,报上自己的名字是满别扭,不好意思,而且还会被认定思想有问题,走个人主义路线,必须接受伙伴们的批判的。至于什么是伟大的理想,那儿是胜利的远方?火红的年代炽热的心,抽象却很振奋人心。

Friday, April 05, 2013

樟宜机场 Changi Airport

孩子们还小,不识愁滋味的1990年代,我还有精力,能够伛偻着身子,陪着他们钻Kidsport。当时周末晚上的节目总是围绕着孩子,星期六晚上的好去处,就是离住家不到10分钟车程的樟宜机场。当时新加坡只有第一和第二机场,第三搭客大厦还在蓝图中,而Budget Terminal则是闻所未闻。如今Budget Terminal竟然已是昨日黄花,让位给预计2017年完工的第四搭客大厦。

当时,我们的目标锁定在富有热带风情的第一搭客大厦,有四样东西好做的:Swenson's的晚餐、Swenson's 外头的儿童滑梯、抵境厅的热带鱼、还有穿梭于第一和第二机场间的Sky Train。至于第一搭客大厦内扶梯两旁的两个喷水池是机场的特色。


(Changi Airport T1. c.1990)


初识樟宜机场是1980年代,当时住家属于新镇,附近没有高楼,控制塔遥遥在望,我的五岁的小邻居淑薇指着控制塔说那儿便是爸爸的机场。淑薇的父亲连忙纠正,说爸爸只是在机场工作,机场可不是爸爸的。弹指间淑薇已经是两个孩子的妈妈了。

在那个建国20余年,国家建设已经走上轨道,欣欣向荣,充满希望的1980年代,我也收拾起心情,放下工作,重回校园。周末深夜,驱着小破车,到第一搭客大厦翻看资料,坐落一个夜晚。机场有许多不归人,或单独一人如我,或三三两两,对着机坪,看着闪闪灯光,飞机起落间,承载着许多未来梦。

如果说樟宜机场与二战有一段剪不开的宿命,你相信吗?

1942215日农历年初一,超过八万名英国联军在白思华(General Arthur Percival)的率领下,向军力弱三倍,只有三万人,而且已经几乎精疲力尽,粮尽弹空的日军投降。新加坡沦陷,易名昭南岛,苦难中度过三年六个月的大和岁月。


(只有三个师的日军1941年12月8日在吉兰丹Kota Bahru登陆,两个月后抵达新加坡时已近粮尽灯枯。日军司令山下奉文说新加坡是从英国联军手上骗过来的。)

(白思华的防卫部署:军力最强的18师安排保卫新加坡东北部,防御日军经乌敏岛登陆,大大失算。)

早在1941年,德国军方已经通知日本第25军司令官“马来之虎”山下奉文Yamashita,攻陷新加坡是一件很棘手的事,可能需要动用五个师与一年半的时间。言犹在耳,山下奉文只动用三个师和两个月的时间,就占领了新马。山下奉文说这是凭攻心术,骗过无心恋战的英军司令白思华所得来的胜利。

当时的英国首相丘吉尔Winston Churchill形容新加坡沦陷是英国历史上最阴暗的日子:“The worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history”。

1943年,日军决定在樟宜建立空军基地,把关在樟宜监狱的联军俘虏派去当劳工,以1940年建成的英军炮兵营为基地,再将周遭的沼泽填平,建设跑道。由于日军资金不足,1944 1945 年两度减粮,俘虏在吃不饱穿不暖的日子里继续他们的粗活。他们一方面表现得似乎很勤快以避免挨打,另一方面又尽量放慢建筑的速度来拖缓日军战争的步伐。新加坡第一个“樟宜机场”终于在19455月完工。


(1945年的“樟宜机场”,1946年易名为RAF Changi。c.1945)
(日本投降后,日军俘虏改良“樟宜机场”的跑道。1946)


1945815日日军投降,空军基地交还给英国殖民地政府,这回被俘虏的日军被令改良飞机跑道,隔年易名为皇家空军樟宜基地RAF Changi

至于山下奉文,在中国和英国政府的要求之下,19451029日被送到马尼拉的军事法庭接受审讯。山下奉文被指控的主要罪行包括:1935年至1936年,反对“北进”派并支持二月兵变,支持裕仁天皇实施“南进”行动;1938年至1939年,任华北参谋长期间,指挥军队在中国农村展开大屠杀;1942年,任马来西亚第二十五军司令官期间,指使秘密警察屠杀五千余名新加坡华裔(中华总商会的数据为五万余名新加坡华裔被屠杀);1944年,在帕拉万岛虐杀美军战俘150名等罪行。

同年127日马尼拉军事法庭判处山下奉文死刑。代表山下奉文的首席辩护律师美国陆军法务上校Harry Clarke不服判决,往美国联邦最高法院上诉,并要求发出人身保护令,中止执行死刑。美国最高法院以62票数驳回上诉。

1946223日,押解到刑场途中的车上,曾经是同袍的僧人森田觉中尉问山下奉文有什么遗言想要交代?山下奉文回答:“一个人的本性在上学校以前,是他的母亲培养出来的。我的遗言是,提高妇女的教养,培养好的母亲!请告诉祖国,我对祖国只有这个愿望。”

山下奉文不被允许穿军服,只能身穿囚服走上绞刑台,绞刑台是由日本战俘制造的。

英国重新接管新加坡后并不像以前那么一帆风顺,二战过后世界各地民族的觉醒,新马人民对英国的不信任,英国本身的财务问题等使日不落帝国的时代画上句点。1971年英国空军撤离新加坡,RAF Changi易名Changi Air Base, 移交给新加坡共和国空军。


(RAF Changi. c.1950s. Williams-Hunt collection.)

1970年代的新加坡逐步成为本区域的交通枢纽,航空业蓬勃发展,穿过市区民宅的巴耶利峇机场供不应求。当时有两个选择,其一是扩建,其二是另选一个地方。由于Paya Lebar地皮贵,而且飞行安全难以控制,结果在樟宜兴建新的民航机场的计划在1972年落实,地点就在RAF Changi 和征用的樟宜马来甘榜“监格何毛洛村”(Kampong Ayer Gemuruh)。


(Kampong Ayer Gemuruh 的原址就在樟宜机场内,marked as P.)

(Kampong Ayer Gemuruh. NAS 1950)


(新加坡总理李光耀下乡走访“监格何毛洛村” Kampong Ayer Gemuruh。NAS 1963)

今天的樟宜机场制造了一万三千个就业机会,每年为新加坡经济制造了45亿元的财富。

新加坡的民航机场:Seletar 1930-1937),Kallang 1937-1955),Paya Lebar 1955 1982),Changi 1982 -


附注(2022年3月7日)无名氏提供:

新马1965年分家之后两国共同经营 马来西亚新加坡航空(MSA),直至1972/10/1正式分道扬镳,当天共3架带着新航SIA雄鹰标志的飞机首次昂首腾飞:一架飞往伦敦,一架飞往悉尼, 另一架从海外飞返。新加坡当局并未特地发行邮票纪念新航的诞生,不过在同一天发行的另一套新邮票的首日封上盖上了独立的邮戳以作纪念。

 

新航于1972年10月1日正式起飞,新加坡与1991年发行民航纪念邮票

新加坡航空实际上未曾购买过协和飞机,但在1976年英航将她的协和机的半边漆上新航的雄鹰标志,该机在伦敦与新加坡航线上来回了三趟便停止了,后又在1979年正月复航至198011月为止。该机的机师皆来自英航,机舱服务则由新航与英航轮流提供。

新加坡于1991年发行了一套民航纪念票显示协和机曾在本地的民航历史上留下了不可磨灭的一页。

 

协和机纪念品

老婆大人于1970/80年代服务于新航集团,多次自费或利用Staff Tickets举家到世界各国旅行,相片所示是在航机上 工作时通过 “关系” “顺手牵羊”的 桥牌等纪念品。

 



乘坐新航的“纪念品”

Wednesday, April 03, 2013

We were in Singapore but our hearts were in Malaya - Dominic Puthucheary

This is an article published in the New Straits Times, Malaysia on April 3rd, 2013.

Datuk Dominic Puthucheary was arrested and detained under Operation Coldstore (Feb 2, 1963) before the merger of Singapore and Malaya. In 2011, Dominic's son Janil Puthucheary stood as a PAP candidate in Singapore's general election and won. He had his father's blessing: "The differences we had with the PAP no longer existed -- on merger, anti-colonialism, the Internal Security Council."
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NOTHING PERSONAL: Despite detentions and banishment, Datuk Dominic Puthucheary tells Santha Oorjitham that it was all about ideology


"I AM now relooking at Malaysian history outside the Cold War and colonial perspective, particularly the Emergency," says Datuk Dominic Puthucheary at the end of an interview at his law firm.

His older brother, the late James Puthucheary, "made a breakthrough in the understanding of the Malayan political economy with Ownership and Control of the Malayan Economy and I am looking at the historical development of the political economy."

He has been doing this for the past two decades. And at many of the country's turning points, this former trade unionist, member of parliament and political detainee, has been in the thick of the action.

Born south of Cochin in Kerala, India on May 27, 1934, Dominic moved to Johor Baru when he was four months old.

In 1951, while Dominic was studying at the Johor English College, James was detained during a meeting of the nationalist Malayan Democratic Union. Dominic's classmate S.T. Bani later told former Singapore premier Lee Kuan Yew, who had started his career as a lawyer, about Dominic.

"They both came to Johor Baru and took me for satay and mee rebus at the stall owned by Wahab, James' contemporary at the English College."

Lee was looking for cadres and "was very impressive and charismatic. I decided I had to join him. At that time, merger with Malaysia was uppermost in our minds as part of the nation-building process".

Bani and Dominic became active in the unions. By the mid-1950s, Puthucheary was studying at the Singapore Teachers' Training College. At a protest meeting, he made an anti-colonial speech in Malay and was expelled.

He had a brief stint as an investigator with Singapore's Social Welfare Department. And in 1954, he was part of the formation of the People's Action Party, "a fascinating moment of history, of nation-building. Lee built a party that was not racially based and with very strong intellectual content".

After the detention of Legislative Assembly member for Bukit Timah Lim Chin Siong and other trade union leaders in October 1956, Puthucheary revamped the Singapore Trades Union Congress into the Trades Union Congress -- where he was labelled one of the Ten Tall Men on the secretariat. He later became assistant general-secretary of Singapore's General Employees Union and by 1961, was leader of the Singapore Association of Trade Unions (Satu).

He organised mass rallies -- for example, for visiting Algerian nationalist leader Ferhat Abbas.
"Those were very exhilarating days," he recalls.

"I felt part of the large drama of the anti-colonial struggle. Colonialism distorted our lives, self-worth, dignity and potential. We didn't have to mimic the West. We could stand on our own and be part of the larger Southeast Asia."

But, he stresses, "I saw it in terms of the entire peninsula and Singapore. We were in Singapore but our heartbeat was in Malaya".

Before Singapore's 1959 general election (when PAP came into power), Lee was looking for candidates and asked Dominic to stand: "I was a Federal citizen. He said I could change my citizenship but I said no, because I wanted to go back."

In July 1961, Dominic was one of the Big Six trade union leaders who left with 13 PAP MPs to form Barisan Sosialis where he was founder vice-president -- after losing the vote on the issue of full internal self-government and abolition of the Internal Security Council before merger with Malaysia. The breakaway group included 35 of the 51 PAP branches and 19 of its 23 organising secretaries.

(Datuk Dominic Puthucheary (foreground) at a PAP rally in Singapore in 1962. He says he felt part of the large drama of the anti-colonial struggle,’ he says. The New Straits Times, April 3rd, 2013)

Lee cracked down on them during Operation Coldstore in February 1963, arresting 115 alleged communists and supporters. Both Dominic and James were among them.

Dominic was detained at the Outram Road prison for a few days, then moved to the central Jalan Bandar prison in Kuala Lumpur and on to prisons in Cheras, Brickfields and Sungai Besi, and finally the detention camp in Muar.

"I may be the only lawyer who has been detained in all the prisons in Kuala Lumpur!" he quips.

Despite Coldstore, in the 1963 state elections, Barisan Sosialis won 13 out of 51 seats, becoming the second largest, as well as the leading, opposition party. Dominic was released after 10 months, had to sign a pledge to quit politics and was banished from Singapore.

He headed to Queen's University in Belfast where he studied law until 1969, moving back to Kuala Lumpur in 1970 to begin practising with Skrine and Co. He married Datin Dr Savithri Puthucheary in 1971 and they have two sons, three grandsons and a granddaughter.

Meanwhile, after Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965, Barisan Sosialis members began to resign. By 1968, there were no opposition MPs in Singapore.

For almost 15 years, Dominic focused on the law. But then, he was bitten by the political bug again.

He began giving legal advice to the fledgling Parti Bersatu Sabah in 1985 and helped them get registered in March that year.

And the following year, he joined Gerakan and became its vice-president.

"I thought I could initiate a new non-racial, non-communal political movement within the Barisan Nasional, which was all powerful," he says.

"I wanted to use that niche to expand the space and give people the choice of racial and non-racial politics."

He spent months drafting a constitution for a "Pan-Malaysia Congress of Unity" which would offer party membership, direct individual membership and affiliated membership for other organisations. Among its aims was "to strive for national unity based on Malaysian nationalism, which is based on the belief and commitment that all Malaysians should identify with Malaysia and be willing to treat each other as equals and to contribute positively to nation-building, prosperity and security of Malaysia".

In 1990, Dominic was elected Nibong Tebal MP -- and his banishment from Singapore was lifted. He started a self-respect movement, "Than Maana Iyakam", for the Indian community there and held political "school" for them on Sundays to educate them on political issues and empower them.

He also conducted studies on social issues among the Indian working class. For example, he concluded that housing on the estates made them more dependent.

"I advocated low-cost housing outside the estates so they would have independence of choice of sending their children to Tamil schools or other schools."

Dominic raised this with MIC, the Penang government and deputy chief minister Datuk Seri Ibrahim Saad, asking for state land and got it. "There were four enclaves of displaced Indians who were itinerant labour and had no coherent community. I wanted to resettle them with a critical mass so there would be shops, restaurants, businesses and schools."

There were about 15 Tamil schools in the constituency, some with only 10 to 15 pupils. He planned to reduce the number of schools. But, he said, Gerakan president Tun Dr Lim Keng Yaik asked him, over lunch in 1993, to move to Selayang in the 1994 polls.

Disillusioned, Dominic left Gerakan just before the elections and focused on his law practice. His memories of Singapore's early days were revived when he was interviewed for Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party.

And at the launch of the book in 2009, he met Kuan Yew for the first time since he was banished in 1963.
"I hoped for more time but it was a very short exchange of pleasantries," he says.

"I was asked about my 'reconciliation' with him at the launch. I was jailed but that's the price I had to pay for what I believed. I did not consider it a personal issue."

(Datuk Dominic Puthucheary believes colonialism ‘distorted our lives, self-worth, dignity and potential... We could stand on our own and be part of the larger Southeast Asia’. The New Straits Times, April 3rd, 2013)

In 2011, Dominic's son Janil stood as a PAP candidate in Singapore's general election and won. He had his father's blessing: "The differences we had with the PAP no longer existed -- on merger, anti-colonialism, the Internal Security Council."

Dominic has accepted that there are new realities. And, he sums up, "To live in the past would be absurd".