郭宝崑在1990年代的创作如《郑和的后代,1995》、《灵戏,1998》等像许多艺术家一样,将现实融于灵性的追求, 探索人性的永恒,“飘泊是我的家园,出发是我的还乡”,似乎也预言着1990年代迷失困惑的启步。
一切都会过去,过去的是岁月年华。一切都不会过去,不会过去的是精神记忆。 Tough times never last, but tough people will.
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
《双城记》与郭宝崑 (2 of 2)
郭宝崑在1990年代的创作如《郑和的后代,1995》、《灵戏,1998》等像许多艺术家一样,将现实融于灵性的追求, 探索人性的永恒,“飘泊是我的家园,出发是我的还乡”,似乎也预言着1990年代迷失困惑的启步。
Friday, April 12, 2013
《双城记》与郭宝崑(1 of 2)
Friday, April 05, 2013
樟宜机场 Changi Airport
孩子们还小,不识愁滋味的1990年代,我还有精力,能够伛偻着身子,陪着他们钻Kidsport。当时周末晚上的节目总是围绕着孩子,星期六晚上的好去处,就是离住家不到10分钟车程的樟宜机场。当时新加坡只有第一和第二机场,第三搭客大厦还在蓝图中,而Budget
Terminal则是闻所未闻。如今Budget Terminal竟然已是昨日黄花,让位给预计2017年完工的第四搭客大厦。
当时,我们的目标锁定在富有热带风情的第一搭客大厦,有四样东西好做的:Swenson's的晚餐、Swenson's
外头的儿童滑梯、抵境厅的热带鱼、还有穿梭于第一和第二机场间的Sky
Train。至于第一搭客大厦内扶梯两旁的两个喷水池是机场的特色。
初识樟宜机场是1980年代,当时住家属于新镇,附近没有高楼,控制塔遥遥在望,我的五岁的小邻居淑薇指着控制塔说那儿便是爸爸的机场。淑薇的父亲连忙纠正,说爸爸只是在机场工作,机场可不是爸爸的。弹指间淑薇已经是两个孩子的妈妈了。
在那个建国20余年,国家建设已经走上轨道,欣欣向荣,充满希望的1980年代,我也收拾起心情,放下工作,重回校园。周末深夜,驱着小破车,到第一搭客大厦翻看资料,坐落一个夜晚。机场有许多不归人,或单独一人如我,或三三两两,对着机坪,看着闪闪灯光,飞机起落间,承载着许多未来梦。
如果说樟宜机场与二战有一段剪不开的宿命,你相信吗?
1942年2月15日农历年初一,超过八万名英国联军在白思华(General
Arthur Percival)的率领下,向军力弱三倍,只有三万人,而且已经几乎精疲力尽,粮尽弹空的日军投降。新加坡沦陷,易名昭南岛,苦难中度过三年六个月的大和岁月。
早在1941年,德国军方已经通知日本第25军司令官“马来之虎”山下奉文Yamashita,攻陷新加坡是一件很棘手的事,可能需要动用五个师与一年半的时间。言犹在耳,山下奉文只动用三个师和两个月的时间,就占领了新马。山下奉文说这是凭攻心术,骗过无心恋战的英军司令白思华所得来的胜利。
当时的英国首相丘吉尔Winston Churchill形容新加坡沦陷是英国历史上最阴暗的日子:“The
worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history”。
1943年,日军决定在樟宜建立空军基地,把关在樟宜监狱的联军俘虏派去当劳工,以1940年建成的英军炮兵营为基地,再将周遭的沼泽填平,建设跑道。由于日军资金不足,1944
和
1945 年两度减粮,俘虏在吃不饱穿不暖的日子里继续他们的粗活。他们一方面表现得似乎很勤快以避免挨打,另一方面又尽量放慢建筑的速度来拖缓日军战争的步伐。新加坡第一个“樟宜机场”终于在1945年5月完工。
1945年8月15日日军投降,空军基地交还给英国殖民地政府,这回被俘虏的日军被令改良飞机跑道,隔年易名为皇家空军樟宜基地RAF
Changi。
至于山下奉文,在中国和英国政府的要求之下,1945年10月29日被送到马尼拉的军事法庭接受审讯。山下奉文被指控的主要罪行包括:1935年至1936年,反对“北进”派并支持二月兵变,支持裕仁天皇实施“南进”行动;1938年至1939年,任华北参谋长期间,指挥军队在中国农村展开大屠杀;1942年,任马来西亚第二十五军司令官期间,指使秘密警察屠杀五千余名新加坡华裔(中华总商会的数据为五万余名新加坡华裔被屠杀);1944年,在帕拉万岛虐杀美军战俘150名等罪行。
同年12月7日马尼拉军事法庭判处山下奉文死刑。代表山下奉文的首席辩护律师美国陆军法务上校Harry
Clarke不服判决,往美国联邦最高法院上诉,并要求发出人身保护令,中止执行死刑。美国最高法院以6比2票数驳回上诉。
1946年2月23日,押解到刑场途中的车上,曾经是同袍的僧人森田觉中尉问山下奉文有什么遗言想要交代?山下奉文回答:“一个人的本性在上学校以前,是他的母亲培养出来的。我的遗言是,提高妇女的教养,培养好的母亲!请告诉祖国,我对祖国只有这个愿望。”
山下奉文不被允许穿军服,只能身穿囚服走上绞刑台,绞刑台是由日本战俘制造的。
英国重新接管新加坡后并不像以前那么一帆风顺,二战过后世界各地民族的觉醒,新马人民对英国的不信任,英国本身的财务问题等使日不落帝国的时代画上句点。1971年英国空军撤离新加坡,RAF
Changi易名Changi Air Base, 移交给新加坡共和国空军。
1970年代的新加坡逐步成为本区域的交通枢纽,航空业蓬勃发展,穿过市区民宅的巴耶利峇机场供不应求。当时有两个选择,其一是扩建,其二是另选一个地方。由于Paya
Lebar地皮贵,而且飞行安全难以控制,结果在樟宜兴建新的民航机场的计划在1972年落实,地点就在RAF
Changi 和征用的樟宜马来甘榜“监格何毛洛村”(Kampong Ayer Gemuruh)。
今天的樟宜机场制造了一万三千个就业机会,每年为新加坡经济制造了45亿元的财富。
新加坡的民航机场:Seletar (1930-1937),Kallang
(1937-1955),Paya
Lebar (1955 – 1982),Changi (1982
- )
附注(2022年3月7日)无名氏提供:
新马1965年分家之后两国共同经营 马来西亚新加坡航空(MSA),直至1972/10/1正式分道扬镳,当天共3架带着新航SIA雄鹰标志的飞机首次昂首腾飞:一架飞往伦敦,一架飞往悉尼, 另一架从海外飞返。新加坡当局并未特地发行邮票纪念新航的诞生,不过在同一天发行的另一套新邮票的首日封上盖上了独立的邮戳以作纪念。
新加坡航空实际上未曾购买过协和飞机,但在1976年英航将她的协和机的半边漆上新航的雄鹰标志,该机在伦敦与新加坡航线上来回了三趟便停止了,后又在1979年正月复航至1980年11月为止。该机的机师皆来自英航,机舱服务则由新航与英航轮流提供。
新加坡于1991年发行了一套民航纪念票显示协和机曾在本地的民航历史上留下了不可磨灭的一页。
老婆大人于1970/80年代服务于新航集团,多次自费或利用Staff
Tickets举家到世界各国旅行,相片所示是在航机上 或 工作时通过 “关系” 或 “顺手牵羊”的 桥牌等纪念品。
Wednesday, April 03, 2013
We were in Singapore but our hearts were in Malaya - Dominic Puthucheary
Datuk Dominic Puthucheary was arrested and detained under Operation Coldstore (Feb 2, 1963) before the merger of Singapore and Malaya. In 2011, Dominic's son Janil Puthucheary stood as a PAP candidate in Singapore's general election and won. He had his father's blessing: "The differences we had with the PAP no longer existed -- on merger, anti-colonialism, the Internal Security Council."
-------------------------
NOTHING PERSONAL: Despite detentions and banishment, Datuk Dominic Puthucheary tells Santha Oorjitham that it was all about ideology
"I AM now relooking at Malaysian history outside the Cold War and colonial perspective, particularly the Emergency," says Datuk Dominic Puthucheary at the end of an interview at his law firm.
His older brother, the late James Puthucheary, "made a breakthrough in the understanding of the Malayan political economy with Ownership and Control of the Malayan Economy and I am looking at the historical development of the political economy."
He has been doing this for the past two decades. And at many of the country's turning points, this former trade unionist, member of parliament and political detainee, has been in the thick of the action.
Born south of Cochin in Kerala, India on May 27, 1934, Dominic moved to Johor Baru when he was four months old.
In 1951, while Dominic was studying at the Johor English College, James was detained during a meeting of the nationalist Malayan Democratic Union. Dominic's classmate S.T. Bani later told former Singapore premier Lee Kuan Yew, who had started his career as a lawyer, about Dominic.
"They both came to Johor Baru and took me for satay and mee rebus at the stall owned by Wahab, James' contemporary at the English College."
Lee was looking for cadres and "was very impressive and charismatic. I decided I had to join him. At that time, merger with Malaysia was uppermost in our minds as part of the nation-building process".
Bani and Dominic became active in the unions. By the mid-1950s, Puthucheary was studying at the Singapore Teachers' Training College. At a protest meeting, he made an anti-colonial speech in Malay and was expelled.
He had a brief stint as an investigator with Singapore's Social Welfare Department. And in 1954, he was part of the formation of the People's Action Party, "a fascinating moment of history, of nation-building. Lee built a party that was not racially based and with very strong intellectual content".
After the detention of Legislative Assembly member for Bukit Timah Lim Chin Siong and other trade union leaders in October 1956, Puthucheary revamped the Singapore Trades Union Congress into the Trades Union Congress -- where he was labelled one of the Ten Tall Men on the secretariat. He later became assistant general-secretary of Singapore's General Employees Union and by 1961, was leader of the Singapore Association of Trade Unions (Satu).
He organised mass rallies -- for example, for visiting Algerian nationalist leader Ferhat Abbas.
"Those were very exhilarating days," he recalls.
"I felt part of the large drama of the anti-colonial struggle. Colonialism distorted our lives, self-worth, dignity and potential. We didn't have to mimic the West. We could stand on our own and be part of the larger Southeast Asia."
But, he stresses, "I saw it in terms of the entire peninsula and Singapore. We were in Singapore but our heartbeat was in Malaya".
Before Singapore's 1959 general election (when PAP came into power), Lee was looking for candidates and asked Dominic to stand: "I was a Federal citizen. He said I could change my citizenship but I said no, because I wanted to go back."
In July 1961, Dominic was one of the Big Six trade union leaders who left with 13 PAP MPs to form Barisan Sosialis where he was founder vice-president -- after losing the vote on the issue of full internal self-government and abolition of the Internal Security Council before merger with Malaysia. The breakaway group included 35 of the 51 PAP branches and 19 of its 23 organising secretaries.
Lee cracked down on them during Operation Coldstore in February 1963, arresting 115 alleged communists and supporters. Both Dominic and James were among them.
Dominic was detained at the Outram Road prison for a few days, then moved to the central Jalan Bandar prison in Kuala Lumpur and on to prisons in Cheras, Brickfields and Sungai Besi, and finally the detention camp in Muar.
"I may be the only lawyer who has been detained in all the prisons in Kuala Lumpur!" he quips.
Despite Coldstore, in the 1963 state elections, Barisan Sosialis won 13 out of 51 seats, becoming the second largest, as well as the leading, opposition party. Dominic was released after 10 months, had to sign a pledge to quit politics and was banished from Singapore.
He headed to Queen's University in Belfast where he studied law until 1969, moving back to Kuala Lumpur in 1970 to begin practising with Skrine and Co. He married Datin Dr Savithri Puthucheary in 1971 and they have two sons, three grandsons and a granddaughter.
Meanwhile, after Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965, Barisan Sosialis members began to resign. By 1968, there were no opposition MPs in Singapore.
For almost 15 years, Dominic focused on the law. But then, he was bitten by the political bug again.
He began giving legal advice to the fledgling Parti Bersatu Sabah in 1985 and helped them get registered in March that year.
And the following year, he joined Gerakan and became its vice-president.
"I thought I could initiate a new non-racial, non-communal political movement within the Barisan Nasional, which was all powerful," he says.
"I wanted to use that niche to expand the space and give people the choice of racial and non-racial politics."
He spent months drafting a constitution for a "Pan-Malaysia Congress of Unity" which would offer party membership, direct individual membership and affiliated membership for other organisations. Among its aims was "to strive for national unity based on Malaysian nationalism, which is based on the belief and commitment that all Malaysians should identify with Malaysia and be willing to treat each other as equals and to contribute positively to nation-building, prosperity and security of Malaysia".
In 1990, Dominic was elected Nibong Tebal MP -- and his banishment from Singapore was lifted. He started a self-respect movement, "Than Maana Iyakam", for the Indian community there and held political "school" for them on Sundays to educate them on political issues and empower them.
He also conducted studies on social issues among the Indian working class. For example, he concluded that housing on the estates made them more dependent.
"I advocated low-cost housing outside the estates so they would have independence of choice of sending their children to Tamil schools or other schools."
Dominic raised this with MIC, the Penang government and deputy chief minister Datuk Seri Ibrahim Saad, asking for state land and got it. "There were four enclaves of displaced Indians who were itinerant labour and had no coherent community. I wanted to resettle them with a critical mass so there would be shops, restaurants, businesses and schools."
There were about 15 Tamil schools in the constituency, some with only 10 to 15 pupils. He planned to reduce the number of schools. But, he said, Gerakan president Tun Dr Lim Keng Yaik asked him, over lunch in 1993, to move to Selayang in the 1994 polls.
Disillusioned, Dominic left Gerakan just before the elections and focused on his law practice. His memories of Singapore's early days were revived when he was interviewed for Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party.
And at the launch of the book in 2009, he met Kuan Yew for the first time since he was banished in 1963.
"I hoped for more time but it was a very short exchange of pleasantries," he says.
"I was asked about my 'reconciliation' with him at the launch. I was jailed but that's the price I had to pay for what I believed. I did not consider it a personal issue."
In 2011, Dominic's son Janil stood as a PAP candidate in Singapore's general election and won. He had his father's blessing: "The differences we had with the PAP no longer existed -- on merger, anti-colonialism, the Internal Security Council."
Dominic has accepted that there are new realities. And, he sums up, "To live in the past would be absurd".





















