Friday, January 11, 2013

从1949延伸......(三十四)泰麟之银信局

在我的童年时代,大坡小坡还可见到“信局”、“民信局”、“批信局”、“银信局”、“批局”、“汇庄”、“侨信局”、“侨批局”等商号。走过大坡二马路(New Bridge Road)和戏馆街(Carpenter Street)角头还看到再和成伟记信局。这些批局与信局,是为本地华人寄家书汇款(Remittance)到中国的私营行业,潮州福建话都称信为“批”,所以有信也有“批”。如果以当今的通俗华文来统一这些名称,可以称为“汇庄”或“汇兑局”。

大坡二马路33 New Bridge Road 的再和成伟记信局,属于百年老店。NLB

在没有民信局之前,“番客”接济家乡的汇款靠的是回国的同乡亲戚,更大程度是通过往来中国与南洋之间的水客。1847年帆船时代,新加坡约有1000名水客,他们是从事海内外贸易的商贩,从中国带些丝绸茶叶等到国外出售,再从国外带些香料回国。水客同时以寄宿的客栈作为收集银信侨批的据点,顺便做些汇款生意。十九世纪中期,番客人数少,跑新马印的水客一年往还家乡二至四帮次已经足以应付市场需求

水客带款有不少缺陷,除了水客回乡的期限不固定,往返时间长外,还发生不良水客携卷私逃,或者“滥用公款”,使华侨、侨眷都蒙受损失。此外,由于水客的经营方式原始,个人收汇、派送能力有限,业务受到很大局限。第二次鸦片战争(1860年)后,下南洋的南方新客越来越多,汇款回乡的需求也跟着增加,水客逐渐不胜负荷。在大时局的驱使下,汇兑业应时而生,水客则找到另一条出路,成为汇兑局的“侨批员”。

泰麟回忆说当年他的父亲在新加坡汇钱回乡,三个渠道都用上了,一是通过水客,在广东也称“巡城马”,将钱带到乡下;二是通过银信局,将钱汇到村口的杂货店;至于“小钱”,则将钞票夹在信中,通过一般书信邮寄的方式寄回乡下,还没有碰过遗失的情形。后来泰麟来到新加坡,通常是通过汇兑商,将钱“寄”到乡下。当时在单边街(North Canal Road)南顺会馆旁有一间商店,店内有个名叫“均沅”的柜台,就像现在购物中心内的钱币兑换商,颇受他们这些广东客工、妈姐和三水婆的欢迎。这主要是均沅的老板来自江门,是广东四邑的集中地,将钱交给均沅,老板拨一通长途电话回江门,不到两天钱就送到乡下家眷手中了。快递的手法,颇像今天的DHLFederal Express

当时一般的汇庄,早上八点左右便开门做生意,到晚上八九点才收工,星期日或公共假期,照样有人办公。这么长的开放时间,主要是方便客户,尤其是一般打工仔,白天忙着做工,只有利用休息日或下班时间去汇款。这种方便,银行是绝对办不到的。此外,通过民信局汇款,可以普及到各乡村,对乡下的侨眷来说,十分方便;不像银行,只在城市设分行,住在乡下的侨眷,必须出城,既费时又麻烦。当然对一般收入少又不识字的侨民来说,汇庄的人情味是银行所无法比拟的,除了代写家书外,汇款人遇到手头紧而家乡又急着等钱用,还可以向汇庄赊账,移民为移民服务,有借有还,再借不难。


(余仁生的汇兑部。NAS c.1950s)

泰麟也提起大坡的余仁生、永昌金铺和华侨银行都有特别的柜台做汇兑,不过对来自广东四邑一带的广府人而言,这些商号的吸引力都比不上单边街均沅。余仁生和永昌金铺是“大招牌”,永昌金铺和马来亚加影埠明街45号的利昌隆金铺可能是联号,跟四邑一带的汇兑商如佛山福昌号、鹤山汇昌押、沙坪汇昌银号、江门嘉祥银号、台山孚昌号、单水口富业号等组成“集团”,规模颇大。这些大商家的缺点是分层赚润,价钱高,速度慢,往往要三几个月的时间才能将钱汇到乡下;当时乡下使用的国币又不断贬值,几个月下来亏损很大,因此给一般人的感觉是这些商号在兑换率中大捞一笔。至于华侨银行虽然信誉好,但公事公办,缺少了私人汇庄的贴身服务、灵活性与人情味。


(信封上注明:华侨银行总部民信部 Chulia Street。 NAS c.1940)

追源朔流,新加坡的华人汇兑业创立于19世纪。1845年,新加坡与香港之间有定期的邮船,每月来往一次,为银信侨批带来商机。1876年,新加坡殖民地政府针对不断增加的华侨汇款,于马真街(Merchant Street81号开设了一个“华人小邮政局”,初期被华人误会为抢饭碗,是剥削华侨的新法门,在开幕当天(18761215日)还因此发生暴动,邮局被砸毁,警察被殴打,数人在暴动中丧生。

到了1887年,新加坡已有49家银信侨批局,其中潮帮34家,闽帮12家,客帮2家,及广帮1家。侨批寄邮的统计,1886年是18万封,188928万封,汇款数额每年约100万元。   到了20世纪初期,新加坡的银信侨批局有200多家。

二战结束后19451948年间是新加坡民信业的黄金时代,主要是东南亚与中国一度中断的通讯终于恢复,亲属急于发信并汇款回国,救济亲人。1946年,在东南亚的潮属侨批局中,新加坡有80家,约18%。


(战后新马的侨汇(叻币)。资料来源:《源》杂志第87期,2010)

新加坡海南人的汇庄,1950年代有20多家,集中在小坡三条海南街一带,其中海南二街可算是"汇兑街",由海南人经营的汇庄有12家。

信局属于私人经营,也有因经营不当而倒闭,致使华侨的家用汇款被吞噬的例子。例如,有因侨批员被杀而倒闭的,有因滥发山票、周转不灵而倒闭的,有因从事汇水买卖投机失败而倒闭的。新加坡殖民地政府为了保证劳工的汇款的安全,华民护卫司要求各帮的富人出来负责设立信局,比如福建帮的富商林秉祥设立了和丰信局(跟和丰银行挂钩),潮帮的富商李伟南设立了再和成信局(New Bridge Road,大坡二马路33号,跟四海通银行挂钩),漳州角尾人郭有品在1880年设立天一信局等。以天一信局为例,郭有品人缘好,讲信用,委托他传送银信的侨客渐多,于是就办起了批信局,业务蒸蒸日上。但郭有品去世后,他的儿子因汇水买空卖空失利而一败涂地,1932年天一信局倒闭,海内外数以千计的员工全部失业,华侨汇款也血本无归,震动了东南亚。

(新加坡中华汇业公会成立典礼。NAS 1946)

老牌信局倒闭事件影响深远,除了华侨将大额款项经由银行转汇外,一些没有转汇能力的小信局, 也将侨款集中到华侨银行汇款。1937年林树彦在新加坡开办侨通行(Telok Ayer Street,直落亚逸街,也称源顺街,53号), 1939 年得到汇丰银行的帮忙 ,在伦敦开了一个中国户口进行转汇,于是许多小信局通过侨通行转汇,侨通行业务发展很快。当然,出于生意上的利益与竞争考量,信局对于如何获得转汇的途径是保密的。

到了1960年代,很多当年汇款回中国的“番客”,已成为本地公民,他们在中国的家眷,也大多数已经南来,接济家用的汇款逐年减少,汇兑业开始走下坡。到了1970年代,新加坡仅剩60家银信局。

根据198764日海峡时报的报道,当时新加坡还有约30家汇兑局。大坡的永昌金铺(广府人)从1950年代每个月50万至100万元的汇款降到1987年的5万元。打铁街(Upper Circular Road)的Buan Yak Seng Chop(潮州人,万业成号?)在高峰期每个月接待2000名顾客,如今不到200人。至于厦门汇庄(福建人,Amoy Exchange Company)的合伙人Mr Ng 则提醒大家别因亲情而轻易被蒙蔽,中国的亲戚以为新加坡是金矿,以前接济基本生活,如今他们要彩色电视、雪柜、洗衣机、音响器材等,有些还要Rolex手表,我们怎样满足这种无止境的欲求?MrNg 还听说过一个洗衣妇,为了汇款回乡让不孝子赌博,就这样洗衣洗了一辈子。


(1930年代大坡大马路South Bridge Road的永昌金铺。图片来源:何乃强医生


(1987年6月4日的海峡时报 The Straits Times刊登了几位汇兑业者的感想)

泰麟回忆起1980年代还有许多中国亲戚要钱建屋子,每座三个房间的屋子约500010000元,当时许多妈姐还会掏出一辈子的积蓄寄回唐山,让他们好吃好住。妈姐离开因缫丝业没落的家乡,结果丝丝蚕也丝丝缠,这就是亲情、乡情、宿命。

童年的再和成伟记至今(1910-)仍照常营业,接收少量批信,服务性地经银行替转到国内侨眷家中,目的是让受雇用的员工继续有工作,情义值千金,成为唯一的百年批信局。


(1990年大坡的祥隆金铺汇庄 (233 South Bridge Road),显示当时某些金铺还有兼营银信业。NAS 1990)

Tuesday, January 08, 2013

从1949延伸......(三十三)泰麟之三月初三北帝诞

转眼又到腊月时。

泰麟回忆起乡下的节庆,主要有一三五七九;正月初一新年,五月初五端午,七月初七乞巧,九月初九重阳,这几个节日也紧随着早期南来的客工传到南洋,本地的宗乡会馆都会组织活动,还有七姐会来应节,为乡亲们一解乡愁。

至于三月初三庆祝北帝诞辰的庙会,新加坡就比较少见,但在鹤山乡下,生活没有什么变化,所以凡是有什么节庆,一定热热闹闹,烧大香抢炮头筹神戏巡城游,祈福年年风调雨顺,岁岁国泰民安。

北帝就是北方真武玄武大帝,是一位管辖江河雨水的水神。对北帝的民俗信仰起源于古代对星辰的崇拜。古代将二十八宿分为四方:东方青龙,西方白虎,南方朱雀,北方玄武。《楚辞.远游》云:“玄武谓龟、蛇,位于北方,故曰玄,身有鳞甲,故曰武。”《广东新语》写道:“北官黑帝,其称玄武帝者也。粤人祀赤帝并黑帝,以黑帝位居北极,而司南暝,南暝之水生于北极,北帝为源而南暝为委,祀赤帝者以其治水之委,祀黑帝者以其司水之源也。”


北帝诞当天北帝巡城。江门网,c.2010

广东人靠水为生,深知北方水源的重要性,所以除了拜赤帝(南海洪圣大王)之外,也要拜北帝,期望水源充足,风调雨顺。鹤山西江环绕,乡下地方是名副其实的水乡,地处河网地带,当年民众出行到了渡头,都要靠渡江的小船运载。在这样的环境下,最怕江河决堤,蒙受水患之灾。因此乡民都期望北帝庇佑,水陆交通畅顺平安,各乡里免受水患的侵害。

北帝诞当天游神过后,将北帝供奉在祖宗祠堂内,乡民纷纷参神。至于抢炮头,炮头是一块腊,绑在爆竹的顶端。烧炮头先从爆竹尾端烧起,噼里啪啦声中逐渐接近炮头,火药与火焰助威下,顿时炮头腾飞,村民组队去抢,那一家抢到炮头,那一年便会得到北帝保佑,心想事成。因为是抢,所以抢到拳打脚踢也不是没有发生过的事。


(西乡的北帝庙,乡民祈福筹集善款。江门网,c.2010)

(佛山是广东富裕的城市,拜北帝的规模也隆重多了。佛山网,c.2010)

有一年抢炮头,炮头落在江边,村民跟着去抢,竟然发现决堤,众人放弃炮头,齐心协力把江围堵住,免了一场水患。众乡亲说是北帝显灵,否则炮头怎么会不偏不倚,刚好落在江围边?后来还再另择吉日,答谢神恩。

还有一年,炮头不偏不倚,掉入一个寡母家,她二话不说,将炮头往内衣一塞,任村民家家户户翻箱倒荚,甚至下水打捞,就是找不着。她睡了一觉后,第二天才慢条斯理的去领功,结果被数落一顿。寡母也不是省油的灯,她说怎么你们全部串通起来,欺负我一个没有丈夫,还得带大孩子的女人?你们还是人吗?众人都拿她没辙,终于开了乡例,让寡母女人家供奉一整年。说起来还多亏寡母,打破迷信,还促进了乡村民主的进程。

抢炮头现代版。c.2010

北帝诞当晚的高潮是在祠堂外搭建戏棚,请戏班名伶演出神功戏,办得最出色那年是请到了广州著名的粤剧团“洛阳春”。洛阳春剧团的花旦银剑影演出的《生红娘》当年曾经哄动一时,她还被称为“生红娘”,声势直迫同在内地演出的马师曾、红线女的巨型班,人气之旺,足以“盲拳打死老师傅”。

“洛阳春”来到乡下演出,村民还请了当时乡下新学出身的校长李建生题字,他写下“独出冠时”四个大字,请乡民拿去给学古书的秀才李仲楷赐教,连秀才都竖起拇指赞好。

(澳门的北帝诞筹神戏演上好几晚,演戏前戏班向北帝祈福。c.2010)

(乡下地方的北帝诞庆祝活动已多元化,舞蹈是其中之一。江门网,c.2010)

(乡下地方的北帝诞庆祝活动已多元化,舞狮是少不了的。江门网,c.2010)

李建生说他小时候跟着父亲去了福建,在福建读书长大,所以对洛阳有一定的了解。宋朝邵雍写过《洛阳春吟》 :洛阳人惯见奇葩,桃李花开未当花。须是牡丹花盛发,满城方始乐无涯。泰麟和我猜想“独出冠时”是将洛阳春粤剧团比喻为洛阳牡丹吗?或者是将剧团跟文化大都相提并论,达到平起平坐的效果?

可是这样的解释,还是解不开校长李建生在福建长大跟洛阳古城的关系。泰麟说可能是福建靠近洛阳吧?这我可不同意了,因为洛阳这个文化古都在较为偏远的内陆河南,跟福建这个沿海的大省会距离太远了。

在好奇心的驱使下,我上网谷歌一番后,终于可以为洛阳、福建与“独出冠时”之间的微妙关系作出合理的解释。

我们熟悉的文化古都洛阳在河南省,可是在其他地方如湖北,广东,广西,江苏,福建等地都有洛阳镇。福建省泉州市东郊有一条洛阳江,那条跨江的石桥衔接泉州与惠安的洛阳镇,此桥可能是中国现存年代最悠久的跨海梁式大石桥,名为洛阳桥(现长742米)。由于洛阳桥是世界桥梁筏形基础的开端,所以受到全国重点文物保护。与北京卢沟桥,河北赵州桥,广东广济桥并称为古代四大名桥。

早在北宋时期,泉州太守蔡襄主持建洛阳桥的工程,从皇佑五年(公元1053年)至嘉佑四年(公元1059年),前后共七年建成。建桥九百多年来,先后修复过十七次。民国二十年(公元1931年)蔡廷锴军长改建为钢筋混凝土公路桥。抗日战争时期洛阳桥受到严重破坏,19933月至199610月,国家拨出六百多万元专款,将洛阳桥修复。


(福建泉州洛阳

原来早在唐朝初年,由于社会动荡不安,战争连连,造成大量的中原人南迁,河洛(黄河与洛河)一带的人士迁徙到福建泉州一带,现在泉州乃至整个闽南地区所用的语系通称为河洛语,也就是常说的闽南话。这些中原人士带来了先进的农业技术和经验,引导当地人拓荒。他们看到这里的山川地势跟古都洛阳形似,于是也把这个地方取名为洛阳,可以缓解乡愁。既然有了洛阳,自然有洛阳桥与洛阳江了。

(福建泉州洛阳)

洛河是黄河下游南岸的大支流,东流入洛阳市,因此古代河洛文化以洛阳盆地为中心。河洛地区处于中原腹地,古有“居天下之中”的说法,是华夏文化的源头核心,儒学、道学、佛学等都源起于河洛。

《易经.系辞》说:“河出图,洛出书,圣人则之。”《论语》说:“凤鸟不至,河不出图。”《竹书纪年》说:“黄帝在河洛修坛沉璧,受龙图龟书。” 既然龙马负图出于河,神龟背书出于洛,可见河图和洛书是中国哲学的开端。至于河洛人,他们以“王者之里”自居,在文化上具备独特的风格。

 洛阳作为一个华夏文化的发源地,中华文化不仅是教育华夏子民,也使外族同化,即使在蒙古与满清的统治下,还是延续着华夏文化的精髓,此文化层次已大大超越了洛阳牡丹。由此看来,形容洛阳春的“独出冠时”是神来之笔,李建生受之无愧了。

当我告诉泰麟今天乡下还在庆祝北帝诞,深圳澳门等地的北帝诞筹神活动还延续数日,泰麟倒是有点惊讶,没想到这类民俗活动还在中华圈生生不息。


(群狮向北帝贺寿。佛山网,c.2010)

Friday, January 04, 2013

RSS Courageous – 10 years on

3rd January 2013 marked the 10th anniversary of a major tragedy of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). On 3rd January 2003 at about 11:35 pm, RSS Courageous, the 3rd of the 12 Fearless class patrol vessels (PV), collided with the container ship ANL Indonesia in the Singapore Strait near Horsburgh Lighthouse (on the island of Pedra Branca, or Pulau Batu Puteh). The collision caused the deaths of 4 female crew members and extensive damages (stern compartments up to aft engine room) to the ship. The current Singapore's Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew was the Chief of Navy then.

The first of class 55 metre waterjet propelled PV were launched by Madam Ho Ching, the wife of the then Deputy Prime Minister in 1995 at Singapore Technologies Shipbuilding and Engineering (STSE) shipyard (renamed as ST Marine). The PVs drew a lot of media focus as they were the first missile-armed military ships designed and built by a local shipyard although the basic design was modelled after the German-built Victory class missile corvette (MCV) commissioned in 1990.

(Fearless Class PV with Pedra Branca as background. MINDEF website)

RSS Courageous was a 450-tonne anti-submarine patrol vessel in the RSN fleet. ANL Indonesia was a Dutch-registered container ship owned by P&O Nedlloyd and had 293.5m in length and 51,938 gross tonnage. RSS Courageous had been on a routine patrol in the waters off Pedra Branca when it was hit by ANL Indonesia, which was en route from Port Klang to Busan.

The sequence of events:

At about 11.20pm, RSS Courageous and ANL Indonesia were both on a northeasterly course in the eastbound lane (heading to the South China Sea) off Horsburgh Lighthouse.

At about 11.25pm, RSS Courageous turned around and proceeded on a southwesterly course in the eastbound lane (i.e. sailing at opposite direction but on the same lane). According to the Traffic Separation Scheme laid down by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), for all ships heading towards the Straits of Malacca, they should take the westbound lane. Obviously RSS Courageous did not follow the traffic rule.

At about 11:30 pm, RSS Courageous altered its course to port (to the left) to bring it closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse but this meant that it would cut across the path of ANL Indonesia.

Between 11:31 pm and 11:33 pm, RSS Courageous made another two alterations to port to avoid a crash based on the assumption that the merchant vessel would not alter its course. However, ANL Indonesia responded with two alterations of course to starboard (to the right) according to international Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) laid down by International Maritime Organisation (IMO).

Rule 14(a) of COLREGS states that "when two power-driven vessels are meeting on a reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard so that they pass each other on the port side of the other."

At about 11:34 pm, RSS Courageous made another alteration to port and increased speed; ANL Indonesia sounded a prolonged blast on its whistle to warn the navy ship. Despite RSS Courageous subsequent helm order of “hard-port” (to swing the ship to the left) and setting of its engines to full throttle, its aft (rear section) was hit and shaved off by the bow (front end) of ANL Indonesia at about 1 nautical mile (1.8km) north of Pedra Branca.

(Routes taken by RSS Courageous and ANI Indonesia. MPA report 2003)

Looking at the wreckage, it would be difficult to imagine that those steel plates that were crushed and folded  just like sheets of papers at the aft of RSS Courageous were 5-6mm thick for a typical seagoing ship of this size. You could imagine how massive was the impact force and the swiftness of steel cutting and forming actions that happened in the final seconds. In comparison, ANL Indonesia sustained slight scratches and none of its crew were hurt. Size does matter!

(RSS Courageous was towed back to Changi Naval Base. BBC 4 Jan 2003)

It was fortunate that the forward section of RSS Courageous was able to remain afloat despite the loss of buoyancy of the sheared-off stern compartments and flooding of the aft engine compartment. The ship might not survive if the sea was rough i.e. with strong wind and waves.

It is pertinent to note that although RSS Courageous was travelling in the opposite direction of general traffic flow for about 10 minutes before collision and it was against COLREGS as promulgated by IMO, IMO is a commercial entity and its rules and regulations do not apply to military vessels. Hence, it is for the corporate citizens at sea such as navies to also adopt the commercial practice in order not to create confusion.

4 female crew members, who were in their sleeping quarters at the aft of RSS Courageous next to the engine room, were reported missing. A massive search and rescue operation was launched and the bodies of three of the women were recovered – Corporal Goh Hui Ling, 22, was found trapped in between the bunks of the damaged vessel when the ship was docked at Changi Naval Base on 4th January afternoon. First Sergeant Seah Ai Leng, 25, and First Sergeant Heng Sock Ling, 24, were found by the fishermen at the Indonesian island of Bintan.

The search operation for Second Sergeant Chua Bee Lin, 24, ended on 13 January 2003 following the advice of forensic experts, as human body would be decomposed  after soaking in water for 10 days. Some hoped that her body was trapped in the stern, which had broken off and sank. The wreckage was raised from the 57m seabed on 14 January 2003 but her body was not recovered. Chua Bee Lin was officially declared dead by the Singapore Court about a year later so that the family could proceed with insurance claim.

(The wreakage was raised on 14 Jan 2003. MINDEF website)

The wreckage was located about one day after the disaster. However, the recovery work took another 10 days. It was perceived that the RSN had incurred some lost time by sending a small crane barge to the scene. The appropriate crane barge was only sent a few days later. In addition, the RSN had to arrange for commercial saturation divers as the water depth was beyond the diving limit of the naval divers. For water depth of more than 50m, the divers required separate diving qualification and there must be decompression facility on board in order to restore the divers back to normal land condition after the dive.

3 months after the fateful event, on 4th April 2003, MPA released a report on its inquiry into the collision. The findings were largely based on COLREGS. MPA determined that it was errors of judgement on the part of RSS Courageous led to the collision. The first alteration of course to port to stay closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse generated a risk of colliding with ANL Indonesia; the alterations of course to cross in front of ANL Indonesia and the series of small alterations of course to port had negated the evasive actions taken by ANL Indonesia.

MPA report also pointed out that although RSS Courageous was under the immediate control of Lieutenant Chua Chue Teng, a trainee officer-of-the-watch, it was her supervising officer Lieutenant Ng Keng Yong who was fully responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and he should have intervened to prevent the accident. Although MPA did not put any blame on ANL Indonesia, MPA criticised ANL Indonesia’s actions, including its failure to slow down when it realised that RSS Courageous was trying to cross its bow and its failure to switch from auto-pilot mode to manual steering so that it could turn more to the right and at a faster speed to avoid a collision. However, these criticisms had been omitted in the publicly released report. In simple term, the MPA report concluded that RSS Courageous was the main culprit who caused the accident.

On the same day, Dr Tony Tan, the then DPM cum Minister for Defence, released a well coordinated press statement to restore some pride for the RSN:

This most tragic loss of our four servicewomen is a sober reminder of the risks and dangers that SAF servicemen and women face as they discharge their duties in safeguarding the security of Singapore. While the SAF does everything possible to enhance and ensure safety, we have to accept that military operations are inherently risky and potentially dangerous.

This has certainly been a difficult period for the SAF, and especially for the RSN. But it is in such moments of adversity that the real quality and character of an organisation and its people are revealed. The Navy family rallied together with strength and compassion. The strong bonds enabled the Navy to withstand the shock and respond in the right way.

The RSN has emerged stronger from this setback, and I have every confidence that the RSN will continue to make a vital contribution to protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore.

Both LTA Chua and LTA Ng faced criminal charges in court for causing the deaths of their four colleagues by negligence. After a 24-day trial that stretched from 17th November 2003 to 26th March 2004, both RSN officers were found guilty and fined S$8,000 and S$10,000 respectively. District Judge Tan Boon Gin said that it was the actions of the two officers that triggered the chain of events that ultimately led to the tragedy. The errors made by ANL Indonesia “certainly did not eclipse” those of RSS Courageous. Both RSN officers submitted an appeal to the High Court but it was dismissed by Chief Justice Yong Pung How on 13th July 2004. According to the code of conduct for Singapore civil servants, the two young officers had to leave the service.

Based on “the errors made by ANL Indonesia certainly did not eclipse those of RSS Courageous”, it could be interpreted that ANL Indonesia should be partially blamed. In November 2004, the Singapore government sued P&O Nedlloyd for asset damages arising from the collision. The civil suit was eventually settled out of court.

For occasion like this, it would be very hard for the navy ship captain.  Major Tang Yang Yong, in his 30s, turned up at all three wakes in Telok Blangah, Bedok North and Clementi and was present at the funerals. He led his RSS Courageous crew to step forward to pay the last respect to their colleagues.

10 years after the tragedy, we could look back to the RSS Courageous case without much baggage now although my heart still fell for the 4 naval specialists who died during this incident at their golden era. They could have, just like other young women, settled down on land. They could go shopping during weekends and raised their respective happy families.

To quote Dr Tony Tan during the parliamentary meeting on 20 Jan 2003: There were a number of violations in the two weeks before the incident, and there have been several since then. ” Dr Tony Tan was implying that Malaysia had scaled up their naval activities at the Singapore territory water near Pedra Branca. This drove the RSN to step up their patrols and met the eventual accident. This tragedy was avoidable if Malaysia respected the sovereignty history of Pedra Branca.

Pedra Branca lies 25 nautical mile (46km) east of Singapore, and 7.7 nautical mile (14km) south of Johor. Pedra Branca is just a small island of about the size of a football field. It appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s sea chart as 白礁 in 15th century.

(Pedra Branca appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s sea chart as 白礁. 15th century )

Since 1979, both Singapore and Malaysia had a territorial dispute over this small islet as it is strategically situated at the eastern entrance of the Singapore Strait overseeing about 50,000 passing by ships every year. From economic point of view, whoever owns the islet could possibly claim larger territorial sea waters termed as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under the law of the sea. This might be seen by the Malaysian government who owns Tanjong Pelapas as a means to limit the economic development of Singapore. From military perspective, whoever control this islet control the access to the west.

Probably the most drastic event between the two countries happened in 1989. The then Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad made an unannounced visit to the vicinity of the island. His boat was intercepted by Singapore naval vessels. Eventually, Mahathir directed his boat to leave in order to avoid an international incident.

The 30 year dispute was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008. The ICJ hearing was held over three weeks in November 2007 under the name Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)

(Pedra Branca and its infrastructures. Phtograph credit: Singapore Memorial)

For the hearing, Singapore argued that Pedra Branca was Terra Nullius, and that there was no evidence the island had ever been under the sovereignty of the Johor Sultanate. In addition, Singapore contended that sovereignty over the island had passed to Singapore due to the consistent exercise of authority over the island by Singapore and its predecessor, the United Kingdom. The actions taken included selecting Pedra Branca as the site for Horsburgh Lighthouse and constructing the lighthouse, requiring Malaysian officials wishing to visit the island to obtain permits, installing a military rebroadcast station on the island, and studying the feasibility of reclaiming land around the island. In addition, it had confirmed in a 1953 letter that Johor did not claim ownership of the island, and had published official reports and maps indicating that it regarded Pedra Branca as Singapore territory.

(1925 Malaya map showing Pedra Branca)

(Horsburgh Lighthouse sketched by John Thomson, 1851)

If we really dwell on the past history, the legacy could probably traced back to year 1824’s Anglo-Malay Treaty where Sultan Hussein and Temenggong Abdul Rahman sold Singapore and its surrounding islands to the British to generate personal wealth. Between 1824 and 1851, at least 16 sizeable vessels were wrecked in the vicinity of Pedra Branca and Point Romania (on the Johor coast). John Thomson and Captain S. Congalton, commander of the East India Company's steamer, carried out surveys and in a report dated 25 August 1846, they said Pedra Branca was the only proper position for a Light to be placed for the safety of Shipping whether entering or departing for the Straits of Singapore. On 15 October 1851, Horsburgh lighthouse was permanently turned on.

On 23 May 2008, the Court ruled that Pedra Branca is under Singapore's sovereignty. With this final verdict, may the four women rest in peace.

Friday, December 28, 2012

吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee - 大时代 (3 of 3)

新马合并与分家的大时代

马来西亚虽然于1963916日正式成立,然而在合并的谈判过程中,仍有许多争议问题未能解决,经济问题是其中最为重要的一项。在合并前,新加坡和马来亚政府谈判时,就提到了设立单一市场。马来亚政府当时也同意在合并后逐步实行单一市场政策,条件是新加坡必须提供一亿五千万元贷款给砂劳越和沙巴(婆罗洲),15年内还清。新加坡因此希望在合并后能够加强贸易。

新加坡和中央政府第一次发生公开争议是在合并三个月后。19631221日,新加坡总理李光耀批评马来西亚的年度预算案没有给予提升社会状况足够的预算,马来西亚中央政府也没有实行单一市场的进展,加上印尼实行对抗,使得新加坡的经济受到很大的影响,于是决定延迟对婆罗洲的贷款。新马双方都称对方在拖延时间,不遵守承诺。新加坡的商人也开始投诉中央政府歧视他们,没有让他们和其他州获得相同的利益,反而对他们实行固打制。

196412月,马来西亚财政部长陈修信说印尼的对抗活动导致军备预算增加,中央政府要求新加坡将上缴中央的税收从40%增加到60%,新加坡则认为这对自己不公平,因为其他州属并没有因此增加缴税,双边经济的矛盾继续升温。在1964年,新加坡经历了7月和9月两次种族暴动,对外贸易严重受损,如再增加税收,对新加坡的商业活动无疑是一个沉重打击。

中央政府也宣布将关闭中国银行的新加坡分行,原因是中国银行在资助马来亚共产党的武装活动。由于中国银行对新中贸易扮演着重要的角色,所以新加坡极力反对。但是,中央政府还是宣布要在19657月关闭银行。

新加坡工商界采取多种方式,抗议联邦政府的征税政策。1964122日,新加坡中华总商会向陈修信呈递备忘录,正式要求取消营业税与薪金税,调整或暂缓实施糖入口税,并推派一个四人代表团前往首都,面陈新税对新加坡的影响。

新加坡的反征税运动引起了中央政府的高度紧张。东姑警告说,若反对课税者策划全国性罢市,联邦政府将采取严厉的镇压行动。陈修信也警告行动党政府,如果新加坡人民采取暴力逼中央政府在实施营业税及薪金税方面让步,中央政府将让新加坡政府负全部责任。 然而,在马来西亚各界的普遍反对下,联邦政府也不得不面对现实,调整政策。东姑最终表示,如果发现新税有不妥之处,将及时做一些调整和修改。1965123日,陈修信发表声明,政府将认真考虑新的征税方案,并将在近期提出征税修正法案。

在一系列导致新马经济冲突的问题中,工业发展问题一直是双方争论的焦点之一。根据新马合并协议J项附录,中央政府在有关工业化问题方面,拥有两项权力:第一,颁发新兴工业许可证;第二,根据关税咨询委员会的建议,实施具有保护作用的入口税。

吴庆瑞意识到合并后,中央政府在新兴工业许可证审批方面,将会对新加坡的企业实施苛刻的限制,以放缓新加坡发展的步伐。因此,吴庆瑞要求EDB简化新兴工业的免税申请与核准程序,在19638月中旬到916日合并前的短短一个月内,新加坡政府共颁发了77张新兴工业许可证。相比之下,在新马合并的两年期间,新加坡政府向联邦财政部递交了69份新兴工业许可证申请,仅有两份获得批准,其中一份还规定了种种限制,实际上等于拒绝。

马来西亚成立后,中央政府强调新加坡工业家在设立工厂之前,在程序上应先和中央政府磋商。陈修信指出:“新加坡方面未经直接与中央政府洽商,便大兴土木,建立工厂,他们只是就教于新加坡的权威人士,结果在最后才发现这些权威人士所作的保证并不能完全实现。因此,我建议新加坡企业家遇到这类问题时先和中央政府商洽,因为中央政府拥有颁发新兴工业许可证及关税保护的权力。”“新加坡的专家作出的保证不一定可行。”

陈修信

吴庆瑞与陈修信正面交锋,他认为中央政府与新加坡政府在权力与义务方面有明确规定,根据新马合并协议J项附录的规定,颁发新兴工业许可证的程序为:厂商先向新加坡政府申请,再转呈中央政府核准。至于工厂地点、水电供应、全盘计划的必要条件,建筑图纸之批准,申请贷款、技术协助以及其他方面的事项,均由新加坡政府决定。关税保护方面的程序为:先由关税咨询委员会将该项拟行的保护性措施加以考虑,而后将其意见提交中央政府作最后裁定。同时,州政府有权向咨询委员会建议,对那些行将包括在共同市场内的物品,加以关税保护。因此,在工业化发展问题上,新加坡政府并没有越权行为。

吴庆瑞于1959年提出新马共同市场的概念,主要考量到新加坡是一个小国,人口不足200万,国内市场狭小。若与马来亚建立共同市场,新加坡出产的工业产品即能在约有1000万人口的庞大市场上免税推销,这将有力地推动新加坡的工业发展,减少失业人口,并可以解决因贫困而引起的种族等问题。因此,在合并谈判时,新加坡坚持共同市场是新加坡加入马来西亚的基本条件。

由于马来亚的工业基础非常薄弱,成立共同市场对马来亚弊多利少,合并后将进一步扩大新加坡与马来西亚其他州之间的差距。陈修信认为:“共同市场带来的一个不可避免的结果便是,新加坡的工业发展要以牺牲马来西亚其他部分的利益为代价。”因此,在马来西亚成立后,中央政府对于成立共同市场,一直采取拖延的态度。

新马双方关于共同市场的争论,在分家前夕达到了高潮。1965717日,陈修信在新加坡大学的演讲中强调,共同市场问题不仅是一个技术和经济方面的议题,更是一个政治性的议题,目前缺乏实施共同市场所需的“正确精神”(Right Spirit)。他认为,执行共同市场协议面临着三个重要问题:第一,共同市场牵涉到新加坡的进出口贸易,因此必须更加谨慎小心,避免引起更多经济问题。第二,中央政府有责任促进联邦内的工业平衡发展,因此若在短时间内成立共同市场,可能会导致联邦内各成员之间不平衡发展的恶化,使新加坡更具经济上的优势。第三,由于国防费用不断增加,中央政府必须采取可行的方法实现收支平衡。由于新加坡不愿额外支付,导致其他成员必须增加他所负担的部分,因此中央政府不能为了新加坡的经济利益而牺牲其他州的利益….。种种不同的理念最终导致196589日新马分家。
李光耀在行动党党报《行动报》(Petir)与《李光耀回忆录》提到吴庆瑞在1965年新马分家之前参与谈判所扮演的关键角色。当时人民行动党倡议建立一个马来西亚人的马来西亚,这项号召获得马来亚半岛的非马来人、新加坡、砂劳越及沙巴的人民的广泛支持,于是东姑决定把新加坡赶出去。 李光耀说他并不想要出现这样的局面,于是要吴庆瑞争取一个较松动的安排,“在与当时的副首相阿都拉萨(Abdul Razak,后来取代东姑阿都拉曼,成为马来西亚首相)和外交及内政部长伊斯迈举行几次会谈之后,庆瑞决定最好还是分家,我也只好同意。” 当年李光耀委任吴庆瑞与Abdul Razak商讨新马分家的细节,包括新加坡未来的国防安排。
吴庆瑞与Abdul Razak和陈修信的关系

吴庆瑞考获莱佛士书院经济学文凭,1940年代末在英国伦敦经济学院(London School of Economics LSE)深造时就已经认识Abdul Razak Hussein (修读法律)。1949年,吴庆瑞、杜进才与Abdul Razak等六人在伦敦成立马来亚论坛,对摆脱殖民地政府统治秉持相同的理念。就新马分家,吴庆瑞和Abdul Razak19657月起,共举行了五次会议。最后一次是在196586日,也就是新加坡正式独立的前三天。 一般人总以为李光耀在新马分家时扮演举足轻重的角色,但直到李光耀在2010年发表的谈话,进一步说明他在《李光耀回忆录》中的追述,证实这是吴庆瑞在谈判时的决定,并获得马来西亚主要领导人的同意。

显然,吴庆瑞比较熟悉和善于掌握马来领导层的心态。他和首相东姑阿都拉曼政府的财政部长陈修信有点亲戚关系,同那位和李光耀不咬弦的副首相Abdul Razak谈得来。东姑阿都拉曼和Abdul Razak都对他没有戒心。

(Tun Abdul Razak

吴庆瑞是马六甲富有家族的后裔,父亲是一名橡胶种植园经理,母亲来自大马著名的政治世家,亲属包括陈祯禄和陈修信父子。陈祯禄1883年在马六甲出生,1949年成立马华公会,保护50万名陷入政治困境的华人,后来和巫统组成联盟,争取马来亚独立。19601213日,陈祯禄逝世,被当时的马来亚首相东姑阿都拉曼称为“独立之父”。合并时担任马来西亚联邦中央政府的财政部长的陈修信是吴庆瑞的表哥。

吴庆瑞和陈修信的经济理念完全不同,陈修信一心要阻碍新加坡的经济发展,在发出新型工业证书上显现出来。陈修信也要全面接收新加坡的纺织品配额,建造一家新的成衣厂,剥夺新加坡纺织工人的就业机会,最后英国施加压力,使中央政府把配额全数交还给新加坡。吴庆瑞认为陈修信还会找机会把各工业投资转到马来亚去,感到心灰意冷,对合并的共同市场不再存有幻想。

对吴庆瑞来说,新加坡脱离马来西亚联邦,是个痛苦的决定, 因为这也意味着他和故乡马六甲与表亲永远脱离关系。

附录:
1918106日,吴庆瑞出生于马来西亚马六甲州,祖籍为福建,之后移居新加坡。

1959年,参选新加坡自治邦第一届立法议会选举,代表行动党角逐牛车水区议席并当选议员。并在接下来的5次大选中成功连任。并于同年出任新加坡第一任财政部长。

1965年至1967年间任内政及国防部长,任内提出在1967年实施强制性国民服役制度,为新加坡建立了一支属于自己的武装部队。1970年,再次受委为国防部长长达九年。

1968年至1984年间任副总理。

19792月到19805月,以及19816月到198412月,两次担任教育部长。

1979年应邓小平的邀请,第一次访问中国。邓小平会见时表示,希望他退职后接受聘请,担任中国国务院的经济顾问。

198412月卸下内阁职务,同年退出新加坡政坛。退出政坛后,吴庆瑞也曾担任新加坡金融管理局主席、货币局主席与政府投资公司副主席等职。

1985年至1990年担任中国沿海开发区经济顾问兼旅游业顾问。吴庆瑞担任中国政府顾问近六年间,邓小平每年都会见他,详细听取他的汇报和建议,负责经济工作的谷牧副总理同他交往更加频繁。完全退休后吴庆瑞深居简出,生活低调。

参考资料:

Lee Kuan Yew My closest confidantePetir May/Jun2010 special issue

庞卫东,“新马分家之经济因素探析,《东南亚南亚研究》 2011年第一期

Tan Siok Sun, Goh Keng Swee - A Portrait, ISBN:  9789814260398, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet,   2010

Soony Yap, Richar Lim, Leong Weng Kam, Man in white, The untold story of Singapore’s ruling political party, ISBN: 9789814266246, Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 2009

Lee Kuan Yew, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew 1923-1965, 9789810406318, Singapore: Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 1998

Lee Kuan Yew, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew 1965-2000, ISBN:9812049843, Singapore: Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 2000

Tuesday, December 25, 2012

吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee - 人情、亲情、友情 (2 of 3)

牛车水区参选

吴庆瑞担任公务员时,必须通过第二语文的测验,他的中文书写和广东话口试都及格了,但其中却有不为人知的内幕。他的媳妇陈淑珊(Tan Siok Sun)在《Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait》书中提到:“我(吴庆瑞)的书写没问题,可是在口试那一方面,我其实应该不及格的,只是主考官是一名善良的人,他给我很多暗示,最后连答案都告诉我了!”

抱着协助人民摆脱贫困的生活,1959年,41岁的吴庆瑞决定从政,辞掉民事服务的工作,参加1959年第一届新加坡自治邦全国大选。牛车水区(Kreta Ayer)聚集来自广东的社会下层人士,行动党委派吴庆瑞去牛车水区参选,吴庆瑞认为主要考量是他是党内唯一接受英语教育,同时会讲广东话的人选。 

当时吴庆瑞活力充沛,只是广东话讲得木呐,别人在竞选活动上雄辩滔滔,吴庆瑞则寥寥数语。在群众大会上,他以半咸半淡的广东话告诉牛车水的选民:“如果你们觉得我好,就选我啦。如果你们觉得我不好,就不要选我咯!”简单真挚的两句话,吴庆瑞赢得民心。牛车水住着下层人民,只求三餐温饱,能够在屋檐下讨生活。吴庆瑞真心诚意为牛车水人民谋福利,深受敬爱。1959530日后至198412月,牛车水选区再也没有竞选对手。

(吴庆瑞在牛车水区接见选民)

吴庆瑞说:“这虽然是一个贫困的选区,但这里的人(绝大部分是广东人)却很容易满足。只要他们觉得你为他们尽了最大的努力,即使你有时无法为他们提供援助,他们也感到满足。” 



1984年,吴庆瑞宣布引退时,表现出拿得起放得下的大度:“当我们准备在来届(1984年)大选对议员和部长进行最大型的大换血时,这个决定是适当的。对那些将卸任的老臣,让我说一句‘谢谢你们的贡献,你们做的比想象中还多。你们将和我这个好伙伴一起引退。’”



吴庆瑞身边的女人



是不是每个“成功”的男人的一生都离不开第二个女人?

吴庆瑞的妻子潘瑞娘(Phua Swee Liang)是他当教育部长时认识的,1991年结婚。被忽略的是吴庆瑞的原配温爱丽丝(Alice Woon),一个中日混血儿,税务局书记。她17岁出嫁,19岁为吴庆瑞生下唯一的儿子吴建志。吴庆瑞和温爱丽丝共同生活了40多年,却在吴庆瑞退出政坛两年后离婚(1986),独自一人生活。2010525日吴庆瑞逝世后,吴建志有感于他母亲在父亲背后的默默贡献,决定打破沉默,提醒国人不要忘记温爱丽丝的贡献:


“我的母亲伴随父亲度过他们人生中最美好的年华。她对他非常支持,并在他最富创意、年轻力壮及精力充沛的时候,伴随左右。当国家感激吴庆瑞对新加坡的贡献时,应该记住她的角色也值得赞扬。”

'My mother spent the best years of their lives together, supportive of Dr Goh, and standing by him when he was at his creative best, young, hale and hearty, energetic.

'She deserves a tribute for her role, and the nation ought to remember this when it wants to appreciate Dr Goh's life and contribution to Singapore.'

2012120日,温爱丽丝因肾衰竭而逝世,享年86岁。


Goh Keng Swee and his first wife Alice Woon, in a photo taken in 1977 at an air show. With them is their daughter-in-law Tan Siok Sun and grandson Ken-Yi. The Straits Times Jan 21, 2011

政友还是政敌


196322日的 “冷藏行动”中,林清祥、方水双、傅树楷、林福寿和 Dominic Puthucheary 111名社阵的主要党员被捕入狱,社阵在失去强有力的领导和骨干之后,元气大伤。当时社阵主席李绍祖没被逮捕的原因不明,李绍祖说他有正当职业(医生),有医生公会做后盾,没有“合理”的理由逮捕他,实际原因或许跟吴庆瑞有关。吴庆瑞和李绍祖是棋友,过后吴庆瑞邀请李绍祖加入行动党,把这位直肠直肚的执业医生拉入政坛。可能吴庆瑞念旧情,觉得对李绍祖有一分愧疚,所以为李绍祖请命。不过这是民间野史,无法佐证。




李绍祖医生曾经是吴庆瑞的棋友



Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait》书中也提到吴庆瑞帮助政见相左的老朋友余柱业和沙玛晚年回到新加坡生活,展现出晚年的吴庆瑞具有人情味的一面。


余柱业-浪尖逐梦。照片取自风云丛书第一辑

余柱业是50-60年代马来亚共产党在新加坡地下组织的负责人,马共统一战线组织马来亚民族解放同盟(北京)的秘书长,也是文革时设在中国湖南省四方山的“马来亚革命之声”电台的编辑,沙玛(P. V. Sarma)则是电台英文组的负责人。1989 年,新加坡和中国进行建立外交关系的谈判,吴庆瑞通过中联部向当年莱佛士书院的老同学余柱业传话,邀请他担任新中建交的咨询工作。余柱业接受了吴庆瑞的邀请,在1991年回到新加坡,顺水推舟,担任新加坡东亚哲学研究所高级研究员,直到1995年去世。