3rd January 2013 marked the 10th anniversary of a major tragedy
of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). On 3rd January 2003 at about 11:35 pm,
RSS Courageous, the 3rd of the 12 Fearless class patrol vessels (PV), collided
with the container ship ANL Indonesia in the Singapore Strait near Horsburgh
Lighthouse (on the island of Pedra Branca, or Pulau Batu Puteh). The collision caused
the deaths of 4 female crew members and extensive damages (stern compartments up
to aft engine room) to the ship. The current Singapore's Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew was the Chief of Navy then.
The first of class 55 metre waterjet propelled PV were
launched by Madam Ho Ching, the wife of the then Deputy Prime Minister in 1995
at Singapore Technologies Shipbuilding and Engineering (STSE) shipyard (renamed
as ST Marine). The PVs drew a lot of media focus as they were the first missile-armed
military ships designed and built by a local shipyard although the basic design
was modelled after the German-built Victory class missile corvette (MCV)
commissioned in 1990.
(Fearless Class PV with Pedra Branca as background. MINDEF website)
RSS Courageous was a 450-tonne anti-submarine patrol vessel
in the RSN fleet. ANL Indonesia was a Dutch-registered container ship owned by
P&O Nedlloyd and had 293.5m in length and 51,938 gross tonnage. RSS
Courageous had been on a routine patrol in the waters off Pedra Branca when it
was hit by ANL Indonesia, which was en route from Port Klang to Busan.
The sequence of events:
At about 11.20pm, RSS Courageous and ANL Indonesia were both
on a northeasterly course in the eastbound lane (heading to the South China
Sea) off Horsburgh Lighthouse.
At about 11.25pm, RSS Courageous turned around and proceeded
on a southwesterly course in the eastbound lane (i.e. sailing at opposite direction but on the same lane). According to the Traffic
Separation Scheme laid down by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA),
for all ships heading towards the Straits of Malacca, they should take the
westbound lane. Obviously RSS Courageous did not follow the traffic rule.
At about 11:30 pm, RSS Courageous altered its course to port
(to the left) to bring it closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse but this meant that it
would cut across the path of ANL Indonesia.
Between 11:31 pm and 11:33 pm, RSS Courageous made another two
alterations to port to avoid a crash based on the assumption that the merchant
vessel would not alter its course. However, ANL Indonesia responded with two
alterations of course to starboard (to the right) according to international Regulations
for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) laid down by International
Maritime Organisation (IMO).
Rule 14(a) of
COLREGS states that "when two power-driven vessels are meeting on a
reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course so as to involve risk of collision, each
shall alter her course to starboard so that they pass each other on the port
side of the other."
At about 11:34 pm, RSS Courageous made another alteration to
port and increased speed; ANL Indonesia sounded a prolonged blast on its
whistle to warn the navy ship. Despite RSS Courageous subsequent helm order of
“hard-port” (to swing the ship to the left) and setting of its engines to full
throttle, its aft (rear section) was hit and shaved off by the bow (front end)
of ANL Indonesia at about 1 nautical mile (1.8km) north of Pedra Branca.
(Routes taken by RSS Courageous and ANI Indonesia. MPA report 2003)
Looking at the wreckage, it would be difficult to imagine that those
steel plates that were crushed and folded just like sheets of papers at the aft of RSS
Courageous were 5-6mm thick for a typical seagoing ship of this size. You could imagine how massive was the
impact force and the swiftness of steel cutting and forming actions that
happened in the final seconds. In comparison, ANL Indonesia sustained slight
scratches and none of its crew were hurt. Size does matter!
(RSS Courageous was towed back to Changi Naval Base. BBC 4 Jan 2003)
It was fortunate that the forward section of RSS Courageous
was able to remain afloat despite the loss of buoyancy of the sheared-off stern
compartments and flooding of the aft engine compartment. The ship might not
survive if the sea was rough i.e. with strong wind and waves.
It is pertinent to note that although RSS Courageous was
travelling in the opposite direction of general traffic flow for about 10
minutes before collision and it was against COLREGS as promulgated by IMO, IMO is
a commercial entity and its rules and regulations do not apply to military
vessels. Hence, it is for the corporate citizens at sea such as navies to also adopt the commercial
practice in order not to create confusion.
4 female crew members, who were in their sleeping quarters at
the aft of RSS Courageous next to the engine room, were reported missing. A massive search and
rescue operation was launched and the bodies of three of the women were
recovered – Corporal Goh Hui Ling, 22, was found trapped in between the bunks
of the damaged vessel when the ship was docked at Changi Naval Base on 4th
January afternoon. First Sergeant Seah Ai Leng, 25, and First Sergeant
Heng Sock Ling, 24, were found by the fishermen at the Indonesian island of Bintan.
The search operation for Second Sergeant
Chua Bee Lin, 24, ended on 13 January 2003 following the advice of forensic
experts, as human body would be decomposed after soaking in water for 10 days. Some hoped that her body was trapped in the stern, which had broken
off and sank. The wreckage was raised from the 57m seabed on 14 January 2003
but her body was not recovered. Chua Bee Lin was officially declared dead by
the Singapore Court about a year later so that the family could proceed with insurance claim.
(The wreakage was raised on 14 Jan 2003. MINDEF website)
The wreckage was located about one day after the disaster.
However, the recovery work took another 10 days. It was perceived that the RSN had
incurred some lost time by sending a small crane barge to the scene. The appropriate
crane barge was only sent a few days later. In addition, the RSN had to arrange
for commercial saturation divers as the water depth was beyond the diving limit
of the naval divers. For water depth of more than 50m, the divers required
separate diving qualification and there must be decompression facility on board in
order to restore the divers back to normal land condition after the dive.
3 months after the fateful event, on 4th April 2003, MPA
released a report on its inquiry into the collision. The findings were largely
based on COLREGS. MPA determined that it was errors of judgement on the part of
RSS Courageous led to the collision. The first alteration of course to port to
stay closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse generated a risk of colliding with ANL
Indonesia; the alterations of course to cross in front of ANL Indonesia and the
series of small alterations of course to port had negated the evasive actions
taken by ANL Indonesia.
MPA report also pointed out that although RSS Courageous was
under the immediate control of Lieutenant Chua Chue Teng, a trainee officer-of-the-watch,
it was her supervising officer Lieutenant Ng Keng Yong who was fully
responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and he should have intervened
to prevent the accident. Although MPA did not put any blame on ANL Indonesia,
MPA criticised ANL Indonesia’s actions, including its failure to slow down when
it realised that RSS Courageous was trying to cross its bow and its failure to
switch from auto-pilot mode to manual steering so that it could turn more to
the right and at a faster speed to avoid a collision. However, these criticisms
had been omitted in the publicly released report. In simple term, the MPA
report concluded that RSS Courageous was the main culprit who caused the
accident.
On the same day, Dr Tony Tan, the then DPM cum Minister for
Defence, released a well coordinated press statement to restore some pride for
the RSN:
This most
tragic loss of our four servicewomen is a sober reminder of the risks and
dangers that SAF servicemen and women face as they discharge their duties in
safeguarding the security of Singapore. While the SAF does everything possible
to enhance and ensure safety, we have to accept that military operations are
inherently risky and potentially dangerous.
This has
certainly been a difficult period for the SAF, and especially for the RSN. But
it is in such moments of adversity that the real quality and character of an organisation
and its people are revealed. The Navy family rallied together with strength and
compassion. The strong bonds enabled the Navy to withstand the shock and
respond in the right way.
The RSN has
emerged stronger from this setback, and I have every confidence that the RSN
will continue to make a vital contribution to protecting the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of Singapore.
Both LTA Chua and LTA Ng faced criminal charges in court for
causing the deaths of their four colleagues by negligence. After a 24-day trial
that stretched from 17th November 2003 to 26th March 2004, both RSN officers
were found guilty and fined S$8,000 and S$10,000 respectively. District Judge
Tan Boon Gin said that it was the actions of the two officers that triggered
the chain of events that ultimately led to the tragedy. The errors made by ANL
Indonesia “certainly did not eclipse” those of RSS Courageous. Both RSN
officers submitted an appeal to the High Court but it was dismissed by Chief
Justice Yong Pung How on 13th July 2004. According to the code of conduct for Singapore
civil servants, the two young officers had to leave the service.
Based on “the errors made by ANL Indonesia certainly did not
eclipse those of RSS Courageous”, it could be interpreted that ANL Indonesia
should be partially blamed. In November 2004, the Singapore government sued
P&O Nedlloyd for asset damages arising from the collision. The civil suit
was eventually settled out of court.
For occasion like this, it would be very hard for the navy ship
captain. Major Tang Yang Yong, in his
30s, turned up at all three wakes in Telok Blangah, Bedok North and Clementi
and was present at the funerals. He led his RSS Courageous crew to step forward
to pay the last respect to their colleagues.
10 years after the tragedy, we could look back to the RSS
Courageous case without much baggage now although my heart still fell for the 4
naval specialists who died during this incident at their golden era. They could have, just
like other young women, settled down on land. They could go shopping during weekends and
raised their respective happy families.
To quote Dr Tony Tan during the
parliamentary meeting on 20 Jan 2003: “There were a
number of violations in the two weeks before the incident, and there have been
several since then. ” Dr Tony Tan was implying that Malaysia had
scaled up their naval activities at the Singapore territory water near Pedra
Branca. This drove the RSN to step up their patrols and met the eventual accident.
This tragedy was avoidable if Malaysia respected the sovereignty history of Pedra
Branca.
Pedra Branca lies 25 nautical mile (46km) east of Singapore,
and 7.7 nautical mile (14km) south of Johor. Pedra Branca is just a small
island of about the size of a football field. It appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s
sea chart as 白礁 in 15th century.
(Pedra Branca appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s sea chart as 白礁. 15th century )
Since
1979, both Singapore and Malaysia had a territorial dispute over this small
islet as it is strategically situated at the eastern entrance of the Singapore
Strait overseeing about 50,000 passing by ships every year. From economic point
of view, whoever owns the islet could possibly claim larger territorial sea
waters termed as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under the law of the sea. This
might be seen by the Malaysian government who owns Tanjong Pelapas as a means
to limit the economic development of Singapore. From military perspective, whoever
control this islet control the access to the west.
Probably the most drastic event between the two countries happened in 1989. The then Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad made an unannounced visit to the vicinity of the island. His boat was intercepted by Singapore naval vessels. Eventually, Mahathir directed his boat to leave in order to avoid an international incident.
The 30 year dispute was largely resolved by the
International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008. The ICJ hearing was held over
three weeks in November 2007 under the name Sovereignty
over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v.
Singapore).
(Pedra Branca and its infrastructures. Phtograph credit: Singapore Memorial)
For the hearing, Singapore argued that Pedra Branca was Terra Nullius,
and that there was no evidence the island had ever been under the sovereignty
of the Johor Sultanate. In addition, Singapore contended that sovereignty over
the island had passed to Singapore due to the consistent exercise of authority
over the island by Singapore and its predecessor, the United Kingdom. The
actions taken included selecting Pedra Branca as the site for Horsburgh
Lighthouse and constructing the lighthouse, requiring Malaysian officials
wishing to visit the island to obtain permits, installing a military
rebroadcast station on the island, and studying the feasibility of reclaiming
land around the island. In addition, it had confirmed in a 1953 letter that
Johor did not claim ownership of the island, and had published official reports
and maps indicating that it regarded Pedra Branca as Singapore territory.
(1925 Malaya map showing Pedra Branca)
(Horsburgh Lighthouse sketched by John Thomson, 1851)
If we really dwell on the past history, the legacy could probably traced back to year 1824’s Anglo-Malay Treaty where Sultan Hussein and Temenggong Abdul Rahman sold Singapore and its surrounding islands to the British to generate personal wealth. Between 1824 and 1851, at least 16 sizeable vessels were wrecked in the vicinity of Pedra Branca and Point Romania (on the Johor coast). John Thomson and Captain S. Congalton, commander of the East India Company's steamer, carried out surveys and in a report dated 25 August 1846, they said Pedra Branca was the only proper position for a Light to be placed for the safety of Shipping whether entering or departing for the Straits of Singapore. On 15 October 1851, Horsburgh lighthouse was permanently turned on.
On 23 May 2008, the Court ruled that Pedra Branca is under Singapore's sovereignty. With this final verdict, may the four women rest in peace.