Tuesday, January 08, 2013

从1949延伸......(三十三)泰麟之三月初三北帝诞

转眼又到腊月时。

泰麟回忆起乡下的节庆,主要有一三五七九;正月初一新年,五月初五端午,七月初七乞巧,九月初九重阳,这几个节日也紧随着早期南来的客工传到南洋,本地的宗乡会馆都会组织活动,还有七姐会来应节,为乡亲们一解乡愁。

至于三月初三庆祝北帝诞辰的庙会,新加坡就比较少见,但在鹤山乡下,生活没有什么变化,所以凡是有什么节庆,一定热热闹闹,烧大香抢炮头筹神戏巡城游,祈福年年风调雨顺,岁岁国泰民安。

北帝就是北方真武玄武大帝,是一位管辖江河雨水的水神。对北帝的民俗信仰起源于古代对星辰的崇拜。古代将二十八宿分为四方:东方青龙,西方白虎,南方朱雀,北方玄武。《楚辞.远游》云:“玄武谓龟、蛇,位于北方,故曰玄,身有鳞甲,故曰武。”《广东新语》写道:“北官黑帝,其称玄武帝者也。粤人祀赤帝并黑帝,以黑帝位居北极,而司南暝,南暝之水生于北极,北帝为源而南暝为委,祀赤帝者以其治水之委,祀黑帝者以其司水之源也。”


(北帝诞当天北帝巡城。江门网,c.2010)

广东人靠水为生,深知北方水源的重要性,所以除了拜赤帝(南海洪圣大王)之外,也要拜北帝,期望水源充足,风调雨顺。鹤山西江环绕,乡下地方是名副其实的水乡,地处河网地带,当年民众出行到了渡头,都要靠渡江的小船运载。在这样的环境下,最怕江河决堤,蒙受水患之灾。因此乡民都期望北帝庇佑,水陆交通畅顺平安,各乡里免受水患的侵害。

北帝诞当天游神过后,将北帝供奉在祖宗祠堂内,乡民纷纷参神。至于抢炮头,炮头是一块腊,绑在爆竹的顶端。烧炮头先从爆竹尾端烧起,噼里啪啦声中逐渐接近炮头,火药与火焰助威下,顿时炮头腾飞,村民组队去抢,那一家抢到炮头,那一年便会得到北帝保佑,心想事成。因为是抢,所以抢到拳打脚踢也不是没有发生过的事。


(西乡的北帝庙,乡民祈福筹集善款。江门网,c.2010)

(佛山是广东富裕的城市,拜北帝的规模也隆重多了。佛山网,c.2010)

有一年抢炮头,炮头落在江边,村民跟着去抢,竟然发现决堤,众人放弃炮头,齐心协力把江围堵住,免了一场水患。众乡亲说是北帝显灵,否则炮头怎么会不偏不倚,刚好落在江围边?后来还再另择吉日,答谢神恩。

还有一年,炮头不偏不倚,掉入一个寡母家,她二话不说,将炮头往内衣一塞,任村民家家户户翻箱倒荚,甚至下水打捞,就是找不着。她睡了一觉后,第二天才慢条斯理的去领功,结果被数落一顿。寡母也不是省油的灯,她说怎么你们全部串通起来,欺负我一个没有丈夫,还得带大孩子的女人?你们还是人吗?众人都拿她没辙,终于开了乡例,让寡母女人家供奉一整年。说起来还多亏寡母,打破迷信,还促进了乡村民主的进程。

(抢炮头现代版。c.2010)

北帝诞当晚的高潮是在祠堂外搭建戏棚,请戏班名伶演出神功戏,办得最出色那年是请到了广州著名的粤剧团“洛阳春”。洛阳春剧团的花旦银剑影演出的《生红娘》当年曾经哄动一时,她还被称为“生红娘”,声势直迫同在内地演出的马师曾、红线女的巨型班,人气之旺,足以“盲拳打死老师傅”。

“洛阳春”来到乡下演出,村民还请了当时乡下新学出身的校长李建生题字,他写下“独出冠时”四个大字,请乡民拿去给学古书的秀才李仲楷赐教,连秀才都竖起拇指赞好。

(澳门的北帝诞筹神戏演上好几晚,演戏前戏班向北帝祈福。c.2010)

(乡下地方的北帝诞庆祝活动已多元化,舞蹈是其中之一。江门网,c.2010)

(乡下地方的北帝诞庆祝活动已多元化,舞狮是少不了的。江门网,c.2010)

李建生说他小时候跟着父亲去了福建,在福建读书长大,所以对洛阳有一定的了解。宋朝邵雍写过《洛阳春吟》 :洛阳人惯见奇葩,桃李花开未当花。须是牡丹花盛发,满城方始乐无涯。泰麟和我猜想“独出冠时”是将洛阳春粤剧团比喻为洛阳牡丹吗?或者是将剧团跟文化大都相提并论,达到平起平坐的效果?

可是这样的解释,还是解不开校长李建生在福建长大跟洛阳古城的关系。泰麟说可能是福建靠近洛阳吧?这我可不同意了,因为洛阳这个文化古都在较为偏远的内陆河南,跟福建这个沿海的大省会距离太远了。

在好奇心的驱使下,我上网谷歌一番后,终于可以为洛阳、福建与“独出冠时”之间的微妙关系作出合理的解释。

我们熟悉的文化古都洛阳在河南省,可是在其他地方如湖北,广东,广西,江苏,福建等地都有洛阳镇。福建省泉州市东郊有一条洛阳江,那条跨江的石桥衔接泉州与惠安的洛阳镇,此桥可能是中国现存年代最悠久的跨海梁式大石桥,名为洛阳桥(现长742米)。由于洛阳桥是世界桥梁筏形基础的开端,所以受到全国重点文物保护。它与北京卢沟桥,河北赵州桥,广东广济桥并称为古代四大名桥。

早在北宋时期,泉州太守蔡襄主持建洛阳桥的工程,从皇佑五年(公元1053年)至嘉佑四年(公元1059年),前后共七年建成。建桥九百多年来,先后修复过十七次。民国二十年(公元1931年)蔡廷锴军长改建为钢筋混凝土公路桥。抗日战争时期洛阳桥受到严重破坏,1993年3月至1996年10月,国家拨出六百多万元专款,将洛阳桥修复。


(福建泉州洛阳桥)

原来早在唐朝初年,由于社会动荡不安,战争连连,造成大量的中原人南迁,河洛(黄河与洛河)一带的人士迁徙到福建泉州一带,现在泉州乃至整个闽南地区所用的语系通称为河洛语,也就是常说的闽南话。这些中原人士带来了先进的农业技术和经验,引导当地人拓荒。他们看到这里的山川地势跟古都洛阳形似,于是也把这个地方取名为洛阳,可以缓解乡愁。既然有了洛阳,自然有洛阳桥与洛阳江了。

(福建泉州洛阳)

洛河是黄河下游南岸的大支流,东流入洛阳市,因此古代河洛文化以洛阳盆地为中心。河洛地区处于中原腹地,古有“居天下之中”的说法,是华夏文化的源头核心,儒学、道学、佛学等都源起于河洛。

《易经.系辞》说:“河出图,洛出书,圣人则之。”《论语》说:“凤鸟不至,河不出图。”《竹书纪年》说:“黄帝在河洛修坛沉璧,受龙图龟书。” 既然龙马负图出于河,神龟背书出于洛,可见河图和洛书是中国哲学的开端。至于河洛人,他们以“王者之里”自居,在文化上具备独特的风格。

 洛阳作为一个华夏文化的发源地,中华文化不仅是教育华夏子民,也使外族同化,即使在蒙古与满清的统治下,还是延续着华夏文化的精髓,此文化层次已大大超越了洛阳牡丹。由此看来,形容洛阳春的“独出冠时”是神来之笔,李建生受之无愧了。

当我告诉泰麟今天乡下还在庆祝北帝诞,深圳澳门等地的北帝诞筹神活动还延续数日,泰麟倒是有点惊讶,没想到这类民俗活动还在中华圈生生不息。


(群狮向北帝贺寿。佛山网,c.2010)

Friday, January 04, 2013

RSS Courageous – 10 years on

3rd January 2013 marked the 10th anniversary of a major tragedy of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). On 3rd January 2003 at about 11:35 pm, RSS Courageous, the 3rd of the 12 Fearless class patrol vessels (PV), collided with the container ship ANL Indonesia in the Singapore Strait near Horsburgh Lighthouse (on the island of Pedra Branca, or Pulau Batu Puteh). The collision caused the deaths of 4 female crew members and extensive damages (stern compartments up to aft engine room) to the ship. The current Singapore's Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew was the Chief of Navy then.

The first of class 55 metre waterjet propelled PV were launched by Madam Ho Ching, the wife of the then Deputy Prime Minister in 1995 at Singapore Technologies Shipbuilding and Engineering (STSE) shipyard (renamed as ST Marine). The PVs drew a lot of media focus as they were the first missile-armed military ships designed and built by a local shipyard although the basic design was modelled after the German-built Victory class missile corvette (MCV) commissioned in 1990.

(Fearless Class PV with Pedra Branca as background. MINDEF website)

RSS Courageous was a 450-tonne anti-submarine patrol vessel in the RSN fleet. ANL Indonesia was a Dutch-registered container ship owned by P&O Nedlloyd and had 293.5m in length and 51,938 gross tonnage. RSS Courageous had been on a routine patrol in the waters off Pedra Branca when it was hit by ANL Indonesia, which was en route from Port Klang to Busan.

The sequence of events:

At about 11.20pm, RSS Courageous and ANL Indonesia were both on a northeasterly course in the eastbound lane (heading to the South China Sea) off Horsburgh Lighthouse.

At about 11.25pm, RSS Courageous turned around and proceeded on a southwesterly course in the eastbound lane (i.e. sailing at opposite direction but on the same lane). According to the Traffic Separation Scheme laid down by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), for all ships heading towards the Straits of Malacca, they should take the westbound lane. Obviously RSS Courageous did not follow the traffic rule.

At about 11:30 pm, RSS Courageous altered its course to port (to the left) to bring it closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse but this meant that it would cut across the path of ANL Indonesia.

Between 11:31 pm and 11:33 pm, RSS Courageous made another two alterations to port to avoid a crash based on the assumption that the merchant vessel would not alter its course. However, ANL Indonesia responded with two alterations of course to starboard (to the right) according to international Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) laid down by International Maritime Organisation (IMO).

Rule 14(a) of COLREGS states that "when two power-driven vessels are meeting on a reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard so that they pass each other on the port side of the other."

At about 11:34 pm, RSS Courageous made another alteration to port and increased speed; ANL Indonesia sounded a prolonged blast on its whistle to warn the navy ship. Despite RSS Courageous subsequent helm order of “hard-port” (to swing the ship to the left) and setting of its engines to full throttle, its aft (rear section) was hit and shaved off by the bow (front end) of ANL Indonesia at about 1 nautical mile (1.8km) north of Pedra Branca.

(Routes taken by RSS Courageous and ANI Indonesia. MPA report 2003)

Looking at the wreckage, it would be difficult to imagine that those steel plates that were crushed and folded  just like sheets of papers at the aft of RSS Courageous were 5-6mm thick for a typical seagoing ship of this size. You could imagine how massive was the impact force and the swiftness of steel cutting and forming actions that happened in the final seconds. In comparison, ANL Indonesia sustained slight scratches and none of its crew were hurt. Size does matter!

(RSS Courageous was towed back to Changi Naval Base. BBC 4 Jan 2003)

It was fortunate that the forward section of RSS Courageous was able to remain afloat despite the loss of buoyancy of the sheared-off stern compartments and flooding of the aft engine compartment. The ship might not survive if the sea was rough i.e. with strong wind and waves.

It is pertinent to note that although RSS Courageous was travelling in the opposite direction of general traffic flow for about 10 minutes before collision and it was against COLREGS as promulgated by IMO, IMO is a commercial entity and its rules and regulations do not apply to military vessels. Hence, it is for the corporate citizens at sea such as navies to also adopt the commercial practice in order not to create confusion.

4 female crew members, who were in their sleeping quarters at the aft of RSS Courageous next to the engine room, were reported missing. A massive search and rescue operation was launched and the bodies of three of the women were recovered – Corporal Goh Hui Ling, 22, was found trapped in between the bunks of the damaged vessel when the ship was docked at Changi Naval Base on 4th January afternoon. First Sergeant Seah Ai Leng, 25, and First Sergeant Heng Sock Ling, 24, were found by the fishermen at the Indonesian island of Bintan.

The search operation for Second Sergeant Chua Bee Lin, 24, ended on 13 January 2003 following the advice of forensic experts, as human body would be decomposed  after soaking in water for 10 days. Some hoped that her body was trapped in the stern, which had broken off and sank. The wreckage was raised from the 57m seabed on 14 January 2003 but her body was not recovered. Chua Bee Lin was officially declared dead by the Singapore Court about a year later so that the family could proceed with insurance claim.

(The wreakage was raised on 14 Jan 2003. MINDEF website)

The wreckage was located about one day after the disaster. However, the recovery work took another 10 days. It was perceived that the RSN had incurred some lost time by sending a small crane barge to the scene. The appropriate crane barge was only sent a few days later. In addition, the RSN had to arrange for commercial saturation divers as the water depth was beyond the diving limit of the naval divers. For water depth of more than 50m, the divers required separate diving qualification and there must be decompression facility on board in order to restore the divers back to normal land condition after the dive.

3 months after the fateful event, on 4th April 2003, MPA released a report on its inquiry into the collision. The findings were largely based on COLREGS. MPA determined that it was errors of judgement on the part of RSS Courageous led to the collision. The first alteration of course to port to stay closer to Horsburgh Lighthouse generated a risk of colliding with ANL Indonesia; the alterations of course to cross in front of ANL Indonesia and the series of small alterations of course to port had negated the evasive actions taken by ANL Indonesia.

MPA report also pointed out that although RSS Courageous was under the immediate control of Lieutenant Chua Chue Teng, a trainee officer-of-the-watch, it was her supervising officer Lieutenant Ng Keng Yong who was fully responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and he should have intervened to prevent the accident. Although MPA did not put any blame on ANL Indonesia, MPA criticised ANL Indonesia’s actions, including its failure to slow down when it realised that RSS Courageous was trying to cross its bow and its failure to switch from auto-pilot mode to manual steering so that it could turn more to the right and at a faster speed to avoid a collision. However, these criticisms had been omitted in the publicly released report. In simple term, the MPA report concluded that RSS Courageous was the main culprit who caused the accident.

On the same day, Dr Tony Tan, the then DPM cum Minister for Defence, released a well coordinated press statement to restore some pride for the RSN:

This most tragic loss of our four servicewomen is a sober reminder of the risks and dangers that SAF servicemen and women face as they discharge their duties in safeguarding the security of Singapore. While the SAF does everything possible to enhance and ensure safety, we have to accept that military operations are inherently risky and potentially dangerous.

This has certainly been a difficult period for the SAF, and especially for the RSN. But it is in such moments of adversity that the real quality and character of an organisation and its people are revealed. The Navy family rallied together with strength and compassion. The strong bonds enabled the Navy to withstand the shock and respond in the right way.

The RSN has emerged stronger from this setback, and I have every confidence that the RSN will continue to make a vital contribution to protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore.

Both LTA Chua and LTA Ng faced criminal charges in court for causing the deaths of their four colleagues by negligence. After a 24-day trial that stretched from 17th November 2003 to 26th March 2004, both RSN officers were found guilty and fined S$8,000 and S$10,000 respectively. District Judge Tan Boon Gin said that it was the actions of the two officers that triggered the chain of events that ultimately led to the tragedy. The errors made by ANL Indonesia “certainly did not eclipse” those of RSS Courageous. Both RSN officers submitted an appeal to the High Court but it was dismissed by Chief Justice Yong Pung How on 13th July 2004. According to the code of conduct for Singapore civil servants, the two young officers had to leave the service.

Based on “the errors made by ANL Indonesia certainly did not eclipse those of RSS Courageous”, it could be interpreted that ANL Indonesia should be partially blamed. In November 2004, the Singapore government sued P&O Nedlloyd for asset damages arising from the collision. The civil suit was eventually settled out of court.

For occasion like this, it would be very hard for the navy ship captain.  Major Tang Yang Yong, in his 30s, turned up at all three wakes in Telok Blangah, Bedok North and Clementi and was present at the funerals. He led his RSS Courageous crew to step forward to pay the last respect to their colleagues.

10 years after the tragedy, we could look back to the RSS Courageous case without much baggage now although my heart still fell for the 4 naval specialists who died during this incident at their golden era. They could have, just like other young women, settled down on land. They could go shopping during weekends and raised their respective happy families.

To quote Dr Tony Tan during the parliamentary meeting on 20 Jan 2003: “There were a number of violations in the two weeks before the incident, and there have been several since then. ” Dr Tony Tan was implying that Malaysia had scaled up their naval activities at the Singapore territory water near Pedra Branca. This drove the RSN to step up their patrols and met the eventual accident. This tragedy was avoidable if Malaysia respected the sovereignty history of Pedra Branca.

Pedra Branca lies 25 nautical mile (46km) east of Singapore, and 7.7 nautical mile (14km) south of Johor. Pedra Branca is just a small island of about the size of a football field. It appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s sea chart as 白礁 in 15th century.

(Pedra Branca appeared on Admiral Zheng He’s sea chart as 白礁. 15th century )

Since 1979, both Singapore and Malaysia had a territorial dispute over this small islet as it is strategically situated at the eastern entrance of the Singapore Strait overseeing about 50,000 passing by ships every year. From economic point of view, whoever owns the islet could possibly claim larger territorial sea waters termed as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under the law of the sea. This might be seen by the Malaysian government who owns Tanjong Pelapas as a means to limit the economic development of Singapore. From military perspective, whoever control this islet control the access to the west.

Probably the most drastic event between the two countries happened in 1989. The then Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad made an unannounced visit to the vicinity of the island. His boat was intercepted by Singapore naval vessels. Eventually, Mahathir directed his boat to leave in order to avoid an international incident.

The 30 year dispute was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008. The ICJ hearing was held over three weeks in November 2007 under the name Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore). 

(Pedra Branca and its infrastructures. Phtograph credit: Singapore Memorial)

For the hearing, Singapore argued that Pedra Branca was Terra Nullius, and that there was no evidence the island had ever been under the sovereignty of the Johor Sultanate. In addition, Singapore contended that sovereignty over the island had passed to Singapore due to the consistent exercise of authority over the island by Singapore and its predecessor, the United Kingdom. The actions taken included selecting Pedra Branca as the site for Horsburgh Lighthouse and constructing the lighthouse, requiring Malaysian officials wishing to visit the island to obtain permits, installing a military rebroadcast station on the island, and studying the feasibility of reclaiming land around the island. In addition, it had confirmed in a 1953 letter that Johor did not claim ownership of the island, and had published official reports and maps indicating that it regarded Pedra Branca as Singapore territory.

(1925 Malaya map showing Pedra Branca)

(Horsburgh Lighthouse sketched by John Thomson, 1851)

If we really dwell on the past history, the legacy could probably traced back to year 1824’s Anglo-Malay Treaty where Sultan Hussein and Temenggong Abdul Rahman sold Singapore and its surrounding islands to the British to generate personal wealth. Between 1824 and 1851, at least 16 sizeable vessels were wrecked in the vicinity of Pedra Branca and Point Romania (on the Johor coast). John Thomson and Captain S. Congalton, commander of the East India Company's steamer, carried out surveys and in a report dated 25 August 1846, they said Pedra Branca was the only proper position for a Light to be placed for the safety of Shipping whether entering or departing for the Straits of Singapore. On 15 October 1851, Horsburgh lighthouse was permanently turned on.

On 23 May 2008, the Court ruled that Pedra Branca is under Singapore's sovereignty. With this final verdict, may the four women rest in peace.

Friday, December 28, 2012

吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee - 大时代 (3 of 3)

新马合并与分家的大时代

马来西亚虽然于1963年9月16日正式成立,然而在合并的谈判过程中,仍有许多争议问题未能解决,经济问题是其中最为重要的一项。在合并前,新加坡和马来亚政府谈判时,就提到了设立单一市场。马来亚政府当时也同意在合并后逐步实行单一市场政策,条件是新加坡必须提供一亿五千万元贷款给砂劳越和沙巴(婆罗洲),15年内还清。新加坡因此希望在合并后能够加强贸易。

新加坡和中央政府第一次发生公开争议是在合并三个月后。1963年12月21日,新加坡总理李光耀批评马来西亚的年度预算案没有给予提升社会状况足够的预算,马来西亚中央政府也没有实行单一市场的进展,加上印尼实行对抗,使得新加坡的经济受到很大的影响,于是决定延迟对婆罗洲的贷款。新马双方都称对方在拖延时间,不遵守承诺。新加坡的商人也开始投诉中央政府歧视他们,没有让他们和其他州获得相同的利益,反而对他们实行固打制。

1964年12月,马来西亚财政部长陈修信说印尼的对抗活动导致军备预算增加,中央政府要求新加坡将上缴中央的税收从40%增加到60%,新加坡则认为这对自己不公平,因为其他州属并没有因此增加缴税,双边经济的矛盾继续升温。在1964年,新加坡经历了7月和9月两次种族暴动,对外贸易严重受损,如再增加税收,对新加坡的商业活动无疑是一个沉重打击。

中央政府也宣布将关闭中国银行的新加坡分行,原因是中国银行在资助马来亚共产党的武装活动。由于中国银行对新中贸易扮演着重要的角色,所以新加坡极力反对。但是,中央政府还是宣布要在1965年7月关闭银行。

新加坡工商界采取多种方式,抗议联邦政府的征税政策。1964年12月2日,新加坡中华总商会向陈修信呈递备忘录,正式要求取消营业税与薪金税,调整或暂缓实施糖入口税,并推派一个四人代表团前往首都,面陈新税对新加坡的影响。

新加坡的反征税运动引起了中央政府的高度紧张。东姑警告说,若反对课税者策划全国性罢市,联邦政府将采取严厉的镇压行动。陈修信也警告行动党政府,如果新加坡人民采取暴力逼中央政府在实施营业税及薪金税方面让步,中央政府将让新加坡政府负全部责任。 然而,在马来西亚各界的普遍反对下,联邦政府也不得不面对现实,调整政策。东姑最终表示,如果发现新税有不妥之处,将及时做一些调整和修改。1965年1月23日,陈修信发表声明,政府将认真考虑新的征税方案,并将在近期提出征税修正法案。

在一系列导致新马经济冲突的问题中,工业发展问题一直是双方争论的焦点之一。根据新马合并协议J项附录,中央政府在有关工业化问题方面,拥有两项权力:第一,颁发新兴工业许可证;第二,根据关税咨询委员会的建议,实施具有保护作用的入口税。

吴庆瑞意识到合并后,中央政府在新兴工业许可证审批方面,将会对新加坡的企业实施苛刻的限制,以放缓新加坡发展的步伐。因此,吴庆瑞要求EDB简化新兴工业的免税申请与核准程序,在1963年8月中旬到9月16日合并前的短短一个月内,新加坡政府共颁发了77张新兴工业许可证。相比之下,在新马合并的两年期间,新加坡政府向联邦财政部递交了69份新兴工业许可证申请,仅有两份获得批准,其中一份还规定了种种限制,实际上等于拒绝。

马来西亚成立后,中央政府强调新加坡工业家在设立工厂之前,在程序上应先和中央政府磋商。陈修信指出:“新加坡方面未经直接与中央政府洽商,便大兴土木,建立工厂,他们只是就教于新加坡的权威人士,结果在最后才发现这些权威人士所作的保证并不能完全实现。因此,我建议新加坡企业家遇到这类问题时先和中央政府商洽,因为中央政府拥有颁发新兴工业许可证及关税保护的权力。”“新加坡的专家作出的保证不一定可行。”

(陈修信)

吴庆瑞与陈修信正面交锋,他认为中央政府与新加坡政府在权力与义务方面有明确规定,根据新马合并协议J项附录的规定,颁发新兴工业许可证的程序为:厂商先向新加坡政府申请,再转呈中央政府核准。至于工厂地点、水电供应、全盘计划的必要条件,建筑图纸之批准,申请贷款、技术协助以及其他方面的事项,均由新加坡政府决定。关税保护方面的程序为:先由关税咨询委员会将该项拟行的保护性措施加以考虑,而后将其意见提交中央政府作最后裁定。同时,州政府有权向咨询委员会建议,对那些行将包括在共同市场内的物品,加以关税保护。因此,在工业化发展问题上,新加坡政府并没有越权行为。

吴庆瑞于1959年提出新马共同市场的概念,主要考量到新加坡是一个小国,人口不足200万,国内市场狭小。若与马来亚建立共同市场,新加坡出产的工业产品即能在约有1000万人口的庞大市场上免税推销,这将有力地推动新加坡的工业发展,减少失业人口,并可以解决因贫困而引起的种族等问题。因此,在合并谈判时,新加坡坚持共同市场是新加坡加入马来西亚的基本条件。

由于马来亚的工业基础非常薄弱,成立共同市场对马来亚弊多利少,合并后将进一步扩大新加坡与马来西亚其他州之间的差距。陈修信认为:“共同市场带来的一个不可避免的结果便是,新加坡的工业发展要以牺牲马来西亚其他部分的利益为代价。”因此,在马来西亚成立后,中央政府对于成立共同市场,一直采取拖延的态度。

新马双方关于共同市场的争论,在分家前夕达到了高潮。1965年7月17日,陈修信在新加坡大学的演讲中强调,共同市场问题不仅是一个技术和经济方面的议题,更是一个政治性的议题,目前缺乏实施共同市场所需的“正确精神”(Right Spirit)。他认为,执行共同市场协议面临着三个重要问题:第一,共同市场牵涉到新加坡的进出口贸易,因此必须更加谨慎小心,避免引起更多经济问题。第二,中央政府有责任促进联邦内的工业平衡发展,因此若在短时间内成立共同市场,可能会导致联邦内各成员之间不平衡发展的恶化,使新加坡更具经济上的优势。第三,由于国防费用不断增加,中央政府必须采取可行的方法实现收支平衡。由于新加坡不愿额外支付,导致其他成员必须增加他所负担的部分,因此中央政府不能为了新加坡的经济利益而牺牲其他州的利益….。种种不同的理念最终导致1965年8月9日新马分家。
李光耀在行动党党报《行动报》(Petir)与《李光耀回忆录》提到吴庆瑞在1965年新马分家之前参与谈判所扮演的关键角色。当时人民行动党倡议建立一个马来西亚人的马来西亚,这项号召获得马来亚半岛的非马来人、新加坡、砂劳越及沙巴的人民的广泛支持,于是东姑决定把新加坡赶出去。 李光耀说他并不想要出现这样的局面,于是要吴庆瑞争取一个较松动的安排,“在与当时的副首相阿都拉萨(Abdul Razak,后来取代东姑阿都拉曼,成为马来西亚首相)和外交及内政部长伊斯迈举行几次会谈之后,庆瑞决定最好还是分家,我也只好同意。” 当年李光耀委任吴庆瑞与Abdul Razak商讨新马分家的细节,包括新加坡未来的国防安排。
吴庆瑞与Abdul Razak和陈修信的关系

吴庆瑞考获莱佛士书院经济学文凭,1940年代末在英国伦敦经济学院(London School of Economics LSE)深造时就已经认识Abdul Razak Hussein (修读法律)。1949年,吴庆瑞、杜进才与Abdul Razak等六人在伦敦成立马来亚论坛,对摆脱殖民地政府统治秉持相同的理念。就新马分家,吴庆瑞和Abdul Razak从1965年7月起,共举行了五次会议。最后一次是在1965年8月6日,也就是新加坡正式独立的前三天。 一般人总以为李光耀在新马分家时扮演举足轻重的角色,但直到李光耀在2010年发表的谈话,进一步说明他在《李光耀回忆录》中的追述,证实这是吴庆瑞在谈判时的决定,并获得马来西亚主要领导人的同意。

显然,吴庆瑞比较熟悉和善于掌握马来领导层的心态。他和首相东姑阿都拉曼政府的财政部长陈修信有点亲戚关系,同那位和李光耀不咬弦的副首相Abdul Razak谈得来。东姑阿都拉曼和Abdul Razak都对他没有戒心。

(Tun Abdul Razak)

吴庆瑞是马六甲富有家族的后裔,父亲是一名橡胶种植园经理,母亲来自大马著名的政治世家,亲属包括陈祯禄和陈修信父子。陈祯禄1883年在马六甲出生,1949年成立马华公会,保护50万名陷入政治困境的华人,后来和巫统组成联盟,争取马来亚独立。1960年12月13日,陈祯禄逝世,被当时的马来亚首相东姑阿都拉曼称为“独立之父”。合并时担任马来西亚联邦中央政府的财政部长的陈修信是吴庆瑞的表哥。

吴庆瑞和陈修信的经济理念完全不同,陈修信一心要阻碍新加坡的经济发展,在发出新型工业证书上显现出来。陈修信也要全面接收新加坡的纺织品配额,建造一家新的成衣厂,剥夺新加坡纺织工人的就业机会,最后英国施加压力,使中央政府把配额全数交还给新加坡。吴庆瑞认为陈修信还会找机会把各工业投资转到马来亚去,感到心灰意冷,对合并的共同市场不再存有幻想。

对吴庆瑞来说,新加坡脱离马来西亚联邦,是个痛苦的决定, 因为这也意味着他和故乡马六甲与表亲永远脱离关系。

附录:
1918年10月6日,吴庆瑞出生于马来西亚马六甲州,祖籍为福建,之后移居新加坡。

1959年,参选新加坡自治邦第一届立法议会选举,代表行动党角逐牛车水区议席并当选议员。并在接下来的5次大选中成功连任。并于同年出任新加坡第一任财政部长。

1965年至1967年间任内政及国防部长,任内提出在1967年实施强制性国民服役制度,为新加坡建立了一支属于自己的武装部队。1970年,再次受委为国防部长长达九年。

1968年至1984年间任副总理。

1979年2月到1980年5月,以及1981年6月到1984年12月,两次担任教育部长。

1979年应邓小平的邀请,第一次访问中国。邓小平会见时表示,希望他退职后接受聘请,担任中国国务院的经济顾问。

1984年12月卸下内阁职务,同年退出新加坡政坛。退出政坛后,吴庆瑞也曾担任新加坡金融管理局主席、货币局主席与政府投资公司副主席等职。

1985年至1990年担任中国沿海开发区经济顾问兼旅游业顾问。吴庆瑞担任中国政府顾问近六年间,邓小平每年都会见他,详细听取他的汇报和建议,负责经济工作的谷牧副总理同他交往更加频繁。完全退休后吴庆瑞深居简出,生活低调。

参考资料:

Lee Kuan Yew, My closest confidante,Petir May/Jun2010 special issue

庞卫东,“新马分家之经济因素探析”,《东南亚南亚研究》 2011年第一期

Tan Siok Sun, Goh Keng Swee - A Portrait, ISBN:  9789814260398, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet,   2010

Soony Yap, Richar Lim, Leong Weng Kam, Man in white, The untold story of Singapore’s ruling political party, ISBN: 9789814266246, Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 2009

Lee Kuan Yew, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew 1923-1965, 9789810406318, Singapore: Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 1998

Lee Kuan Yew, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew 1965-2000, ISBN:9812049843, Singapore: Singapore: Singapore Press Holding Limited 2000

Tuesday, December 25, 2012

吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee - 人情、亲情、友情 (2 of 3)

牛车水区参选

吴庆瑞担任公务员时,必须通过第二语文的测验,他的中文书写和广东话口试都及格了,但其中却有不为人知的内幕。他的媳妇陈淑珊(Tan Siok Sun)在《Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait》书中提到:“我(吴庆瑞)的书写没问题,可是在口试那一方面,我其实应该不及格的,只是主考官是一名善良的人,他给我很多暗示,最后连答案都告诉我了!”

抱着协助人民摆脱贫困的生活,1959年,41岁的吴庆瑞决定从政,辞掉民事服务的工作,参加1959年第一届新加坡自治邦全国大选。牛车水区(Kreta Ayer)聚集来自广东的社会下层人士,行动党委派吴庆瑞去牛车水区参选,吴庆瑞认为主要考量是他是党内唯一接受英语教育,同时会讲广东话的人选。 

当时吴庆瑞活力充沛,只是广东话讲得木呐,别人在竞选活动上雄辩滔滔,吴庆瑞则寥寥数语。在群众大会上,他以半咸半淡的广东话告诉牛车水的选民:“如果你们觉得我好,就选我啦。如果你们觉得我不好,就不要选我咯!”简单真挚的两句话,吴庆瑞赢得民心。牛车水住着下层人民,只求三餐温饱,能够在屋檐下讨生活。吴庆瑞真心诚意为牛车水人民谋福利,深受敬爱。1959年5月30日后至1984年12月,牛车水选区再也没有竞选对手。

(吴庆瑞在牛车水区接见选民)

吴庆瑞说:“这虽然是一个贫困的选区,但这里的人(绝大部分是广东人)却很容易满足。只要他们觉得你为他们尽了最大的努力,即使你有时无法为他们提供援助,他们也感到满足。” 



1984年,吴庆瑞宣布引退时,表现出拿得起放得下的大度:“当我们准备在来届(1984年)大选对议员和部长进行最大型的大换血时,这个决定是适当的。对那些将卸任的老臣,让我说一句‘谢谢你们的贡献,你们做的比想象中还多。你们将和我这个好伙伴一起引退。’”



吴庆瑞身边的女人



是不是每个“成功”的男人的一生都离不开第二个女人?

吴庆瑞的妻子潘瑞娘(Phua Swee Liang)是他当教育部长时认识的,1991年结婚。被忽略的是吴庆瑞的原配温爱丽丝(Alice Woon),一个中日混血儿,税务局书记。她17岁出嫁,19岁为吴庆瑞生下唯一的儿子吴建志。吴庆瑞和温爱丽丝共同生活了40多年,却在吴庆瑞退出政坛两年后离婚(1986),独自一人生活。2010年5月25日吴庆瑞逝世后,吴建志有感于他母亲在父亲背后的默默贡献,决定打破沉默,提醒国人不要忘记温爱丽丝的贡献:


“我的母亲伴随父亲度过他们人生中最美好的年华。她对他非常支持,并在他最富创意、年轻力壮及精力充沛的时候,伴随左右。当国家感激吴庆瑞对新加坡的贡献时,应该记住她的角色也值得赞扬。”

'My mother spent the best years of their lives together, supportive of Dr Goh, and standing by him when he was at his creative best, young, hale and hearty, energetic.

'She deserves a tribute for her role, and the nation ought to remember this when it wants to appreciate Dr Goh's life and contribution to Singapore.'

2012年1月20日,温爱丽丝因肾衰竭而逝世,享年86岁。


(Goh Keng Swee and his first wife Alice Woon, in a photo taken in 1977 at an air show. With them is their daughter-in-law Tan Siok Sun and grandson Ken-Yi. The Straits Times Jan 21, 2011 )

政友还是政敌


1963年2月2日的 “冷藏行动”中,林清祥、方水双、傅树楷、林福寿和 Dominic Puthucheary 等111名社阵的主要党员被捕入狱,社阵在失去强有力的领导和骨干之后,元气大伤。当时社阵主席李绍祖没被逮捕的原因不明,李绍祖说他有正当职业(医生),有医生公会做后盾,没有“合理”的理由逮捕他,实际原因或许跟吴庆瑞有关。吴庆瑞和李绍祖是棋友,过后吴庆瑞邀请李绍祖加入行动党,把这位直肠直肚的执业医生拉入政坛。可能吴庆瑞念旧情,觉得对李绍祖有一分愧疚,所以为李绍祖请命。不过这是民间野史,无法佐证。




(李绍祖医生曾经是吴庆瑞的棋友)



《Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait》书中也提到吴庆瑞帮助政见相左的老朋友余柱业和沙玛晚年回到新加坡生活,展现出晚年的吴庆瑞具有人情味的一面。


(余柱业-浪尖逐梦。照片取自风云丛书第一辑)

余柱业是50-60年代马来亚共产党在新加坡地下组织的负责人,马共统一战线组织马来亚民族解放同盟(北京)的秘书长,也是文革时设在中国湖南省四方山的“马来亚革命之声”电台的编辑,沙玛(P. V. Sarma)则是电台英文组的负责人。1989 年,新加坡和中国进行建立外交关系的谈判,吴庆瑞通过中联部向当年莱佛士书院的老同学余柱业传话,邀请他担任新中建交的咨询工作。余柱业接受了吴庆瑞的邀请,在1991年回到新加坡,顺水推舟,担任新加坡东亚哲学研究所高级研究员,直到1995年去世。

Friday, December 21, 2012

吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee - 时代巨人 (1 of 3)

从2011年5月的新加坡大选后这段日子以来,过去被打压的冰山下的世界在通膨的压力下正逐一浮现出水面。社会人口结构、移民的步伐与融入、教育的意义、薪金结构、收入的严重差距、Shock Therapy,低薪工友的困境、政府组屋的定价乖离大众住屋的原则、各大管理层如SMRT、CNB 和 SCDF 的利益丑闻等都是确确实实存在的社会、人格与道德问题。

部长讲话也给人即不合情、亦不合理的感觉,远远超越一般百姓所能理解的范围,最明显的是通过统计数字来解说月入一千元买得起组屋、博客写了一年,但屋价继续远远超过一般人的负荷、无视大众交通的主导原则,认为一亿元年净利不足以分一杯羹给美其名为“车长”的巴士司机,建议把成本转嫁给搭客,事后的澄清只给人此地无银三百两的感觉等。

如果这是一部梁智强的电影,必定多姿多彩,但在一个我成长的地方、我奉献过人生最美好的青春的国家、我热爱的土地上演出真人实景的一出戏,心情绝对不好受。当贪婪以至近乎忘本的心态剥夺了最起码的人生价值观与作为一个人所应有的道德尊严,晚上还能够高枕无忧、无愧于心,睡得安宁吗?

2012年8月26日的国庆群众大会上,李显龙先生发表了新加坡总理47年来最感性的演说,所谈的是 HOPE, HEART, HOME(希望,心灵,家园)。这个3H是说给谁听的?

这部现实片使我想起1979年,李光耀先生在他的文章“温故知新”(《人民行动党1954-1979》)的第二部分“领袖必须领导”中,总结执政20年所得到的经验时说道,我们策励自己,必须:

-发出明确的信号,不要迷惑人民
-前后一致,不要突然转向和改变
-保持廉洁,杜绝贪污
-要受人尊敬,不要讨人喜欢
-广泛地分摊利益,不剥夺人民应有的生活条件
-努力争取成功,绝不屈服


(乐于走入群众的李光耀先生,在芽笼西 Geylang West 和居民谈笑风生。1963年9月。照片来源:人民行动党1954-1979)

李光耀先生在1981年8月22日在总统府为老同僚举行的“告别宴会”上,提到“人民行动党就是政府,政府就是人民行动党。对于这一点,我不觉得有什么不对。...除非我们能够网罗最能干、最坚强最果敢和最具献身精神的人才,让他们加入人民行动党和政府,否则,新加坡将会崩溃。”(星洲日报,1982年3月15日)。

重温开国元勋李光耀先生30余年前的金科玉律,他并不认为一切都是理所当然的,相反的是处处充满危机感。今日的政府该如何确实地实践正确的领导方针,策励自己,还是将“人民行动党就是政府,政府就是人民行动党”视为理所当然的?

这部现实片也使我怀念起一位多做事少说话,但为新加坡的发展基础奠下根基的开国元勋吴庆瑞(Dr Goh Keng Swee),年久失修的根基彷佛正在摇晃中。

2010年,新加坡开国元勋吴庆瑞蒙主宠召,享年91岁(1918年10月6日-马六甲-2010年 5月14日)。


蛋糕理念

吴庆瑞不是百万部长,但所承担的责任使他和他的团队完成了几乎不可能的任务。在我们的千万团队前瞻的时候,是不是应该好好的回顾五十年前人民行动党的建国理念?

(吴庆瑞 Dr Goh Keng Swee, 时代巨人)

2010年5月23日,The Straits Times 发表了许通美教授对吴庆瑞的评价:


One of the purposes of government is to make the world a little less unfair for the poor, the disabled and the disadvantaged. Perhaps because Dr Goh started his professional life in the social welfare department and he represented Kreta Ayer, one of the poorest constituencies in Singapore, he never looked down upon or ignored the interests of the little people.

Dr Goh was a well-rounded individual. He loved music and founded the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. He created the Chinese and Japanese gardens in Jurong. He was also the founder of the Jurong Bird Park and the Zoo....life is more than making money and eating well. It is also about learning to enjoy music, communing with nature and marvelling at the splendours of the bird and animal kingdoms.

Dr Goh's thrift is legendary. Even when he could well afford it, he continued to live a simple and frugal life. He shunned ostentation and consumerism. When I called on him at the Monetary Authority of Singapore, when he was its chairman, he apologised for the size of his office. I do not think Dr Goh would approve of the trend in Singapore where some wealthy citizens flaunt their wealth and lead self-indulgent lives.

新加坡建国期间人民行动党所面对的最大的挑战来自共产党。人民行动党与共产党所奉行的政治信仰的共同点是两者都极力争取社会平等,把利润更公平地分配给工人。不同点是社会主义者崇尚社会改革来改善现状,从资产阶级手中“挤”出更多金钱,分配给工人。共产主义者则通过强制手段,从资产阶级手中取得财富,最后所要的就是一场革命。

奉行社会主义的行动党建国功臣吴庆瑞在1959年出任新加坡自治邦第一届财政部长时,新加坡的失业率达14%,他形容新加坡的经济情况是“悲惨”的。 身为一名议员,经常面对要求他帮忙找工作的居民,可惜因为居民几乎没受过教育,找工作往往徒劳无功。 这些居民显得很沮丧,最后索性不再上门了。吴庆瑞认为,他们可能已经放弃希望,使无依无靠的家人面对更大的困难,因此下定决心,使新加坡的经济振作起来。

吴庆瑞的“蛋糕理念”,对新加坡经济发展,尤其是工业及金融方面的发展,作出很大的贡献。 所谓的“蛋糕理念”,是先把蛋糕烤熟,然后才来顾虑如何分配;先把经济搞起来,然后才考虑如何分享收益。按部就班实行理念后,吴庆瑞退出经济圈子。今天我们是不是已经为了财团和股东而忘记了如何分享这块蛋糕?

吴庆瑞在内阁中先后担任多项要职,包括财政部长(1959-1965)、内政及国防部长(1965-1967,1970-1979)、副总理(1968-1984),教育部长(1979-1980,1981-1984),被誉为 “新加坡经济发展总建筑师”。跟当年的开国元老相比,吴庆瑞的政治生涯算是比较短促的,1959年竞选到1984年以私人原因引退,前后四分之一个世纪。

吴庆瑞3大决策

1)经济

1959年吴庆瑞参选后出任新加坡自治邦第一届财政部长,他认为只有以出口为导向的制造业,才是唯一制造就业机会,解决失业问题的途径。在担任财长期间,新加坡政府邀请联合国技术援助小组(United Nations Technical Assistance Team,1960)对新加坡的工业化前景提出建议(UNDP mission),由荷兰经济学家Albert Winsemius领导的技术小组提出四年计划,是新加坡通往工业化道路的重要里程碑。吴庆瑞推行多项建议,包括成立经济发展局(EDB,1 Aug 1961),实行经济奖励等,成功争取到多家跨国公司到裕廊设立工厂,通过发展裕廊工业区来开展新加坡工业化大计。


(吴庆瑞夫人(Alice Woon)为裕廊造船厂建造的蒸汽船主持下水礼。NAS 1965)

1965年9月至1984年,Winsemius回到新加坡,担任首席经济顾问,指导新加坡从劳工密集过渡到技术密集工业。在1960年代后期,吴庆瑞意识到亚洲市场可以搭上欧洲共同体急速成长的列车,于是发出更多营业执照给外国银行,让它们能够在新加坡运作,使新加坡成为国际金融中心。 中国搞文化革命,也使到新加坡受惠,跨国公司不敢到韩国、台湾与香港等地投资,纷纷把资金转移到新加坡,裕廊工业区与各个轻工业区蓬勃发展,非但解决了英军撤退的失业问题,还面对劳工短缺,必须招引外劳。

根据《Men in White》: Ngiam Tong Dow remembered what Goh Keng Swee told him, that every time he drove by a school and saw hundreds of children streaming out, he felt downhearted, wondering how to find jobs for them when they left school.  Ngiam Tong Dow was privy to Goh Keng Swee’s thinking as permanent secretary (finance) and EDB chairman. He elaborated, “The government’s philosophy is to bake the cake first, then worry about how to slice it. Grow the economy first, than talk about how to share the income. Most countries think of just distributing the income and end up sharing misery.”

1968年,新加坡正面对着英军撤离新加坡的经济困境,英军的开销约占20%GDP,为三万名工人提供职业,间接雇佣一万名家庭佣人,其他相关行业有裁缝、酒吧餐馆等。当时美国 ESSO 石油公司同意在新加坡投资兴建炼油厂,但指定建在圣淘沙岛上。为了解决当前的失业问题,EDB接受这个安排,但被吴庆瑞一口拒绝。吴庆瑞接受荷兰顾问 Dr Albert Winsemius 的看法,认为新加坡需要一个大型的消闲活动兼旅游中心,圣淘沙是最适合的地点。多轮谈判后,ESSO最终在Pulau Ayer Chawan (现在的裕廊岛 Jurong Island)设立炼油厂。今天回顾40多年前的一个决策,新加坡有了圣淘沙这个世界级旅游地标与衔接多个小岛而成的裕廊岛(多数厂家从事炼油相关的行业),不能不佩服吴庆瑞这位经济策划师的远见。

2)国防

1965年新加坡脱离马来西亚,吴庆瑞成为国防部长(Minister of the Interior and Defence, MID),计划在1966年至1969年间训练12个营的全职军人。李光耀在回忆录中提到他当年不同意这个做法,他认为新加坡需要一支小型的正规军,但必须具备动员全国人民组成的后备军的能力。修订后的计划成为今天的新加坡武装部队与国民服役的蓝图:12营正规军与全国性的后备军。1967年3月14日,国会三读通过国民服役法令,第一批受影响的是1949年出生的男公民,大约9000人在1967年9月入伍。

(第一批在SAFTI受训结业的新加坡武装部队军官。NAS 1967)

吴庆瑞对国民服役的诠释:国民服役对年轻人来说是时间和金钱上的莫大牺牲,军事训练也将士兵的耐力推向极限,这一切都不是愉快的事。但在每次全国选举中,国民服役并不是一个争论点,自我防卫的意识正在民间滋长中。一般新加坡公民都知道,他们所面对的危险是实实在在,而不是假想的。...话虽如此,在准备战争、维持和平的原则下,我们不能偏执。最糟糕的政策是武装自己的步伐,已经使到我们的邻国误解我们的意图。要知道我们不是以色列,东南亚地区也不是中东。

The Straits Times Sept 25, 1984: National service imposes not only a great sacrifice of time and money on the young men called up. It is also unpleasant as military training aims to push the soldier to the limits of human endurance. Yet in every election since national service was introduced, its abolition has never been an election issue.

...The average Singapore citizen knows the dangers that he faces are real and not hypothetical. A kind of folk wisdom has grown on the need to defend ourselves.

... Having said this, while we must prepare for war to keep the peace, we must not get paranoid about this. The worst policy is to arm ourselves to the point where our neighbours misread our intentions. We are not Israel and South-east Asia is not the Middle East.

当时的国民服役还面对另一个语言困境,就是“福建兵”,许多应召入伍的年轻人根本听不懂上司的英语与马来话,必须以福建话来沟通。这个问题持续了十余年,教育普及后才完全解决。

3)教育

1979年担任教育部长后,吴庆瑞对本地教育制度提出大改革,包括:推行小学分流、实施N水准会考、创办教育部课程规划与发展署(CDIS)、以及增加教师薪金以提高他们的士气。 其中,分流制引起最大的争议,直至今世今日还是被认为是一个精英主义,打击没有学术才华的国民的框架。

吴庆瑞解释,当时的教育制度只让顶尖10%至15%的学生获益,他们最终念到A水准,而那些无法跟上学习进度的学生,就无法得到适当的教育。 虽然吴庆瑞对教育领域有兴趣,但和他担任财政部长和国防部长期间所面对的挑战相比,他认为这是他在政府部门里最闷,甚至最烦的日子。

比较少人提及的是宗教教育,在一个只许成功,不许失败的领导模式下,失败的例子最好匆匆盖过,不再提起。吴庆瑞相信宗教教育是维持社会和谐和灌输正确价值观的重要渠道,虽然当时社会上有许多争议,认为在学校教导宗教可能会导致宗教狂热,引起反效果,但在1982年,基督教、佛教、兴都教、伊斯兰教与儒家在“道德教育”的包装下,成为中学选修学科之一。不过,宗教教育只维持了短短的七年,便以“提高宗教分歧的意识,并制造传播宗教信仰的新热潮”为由而寿终正寝(heightened consciousness of religious differences and a new fervour in the propagation of religious beliefs)。